Lecture 15 Flashcards by Nadia Macluskie

What are the 4 common pathogens?

Viruses

Bacteria

Fungi

Parasites

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What are 4 characteristics of virus infections?

> 200 viruses can infect humans

Can affect many areas of the body

Vaccinations against infection

Treatment: usually goes away on its own, antivirals, antiretrovirals

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What are 4 characteristics of bacterial infection?

<100 can infect humans

Can infect any area of the body

Vaccinations

Treatment: usually goes away on its own, antibodies *must finish entire course

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What are 5 characteristics of fungi infections?

Yeast, mold, mushrooms

Few hundred can infect humans

No vaccines available

Skin, nails, lungs, organs

Treatment: antifungals

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What are the 3 main types of parasites that cause disease in humans?

Protozoa

Helminths

Ectoparasites

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What is the vaccine situation for parasites?

Vaccines for domestic animals

First malaria vaccine in oct. 2021

Treatment: antiparasitics

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What are the 8 routes of infection transmission?

Direct contact
Indirect contact
Droplet
Airborne
Vehicle
Vector-borne
Bloodborne
Mother to child

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What are the 5 localized symptoms and signs depending on infection site?

Skin

Respiratory tract

Gastrointestinal

Urinary tract

Central nervous sytem

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What are 8 infection symptoms that merit a doctors visit?

Animal bite

Cough for more than a week

Breathing problems

Severe headache with fever or neck stiffness

Confusion

Prolonged or unexplained fever

Persistent vomiting

Sudden vision problems

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What are the 4 main pathways for diagnosis of infection?

Clinical findings

Lab tests

Imaging

Biopsy

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What are the main pathways for infection treatment?

Main infectious diseases will resolve on their own

If not: antivirals, antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics

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How is immune function and exercise relationship explained?

J curve

Excessive exercise may impair immune function, depressive effect lasts up to 24h after exercise

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What is the risk of strenuous exercise (immune function)?

Leukocyte depression

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What do the major event infection rate studies tell us?

Women had more illness

Differ in upper vs. lower resp. infections

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What are the 5 main infection risk factors?

Strenuous exercise

High rate of breathing

Lack of sleep

Mental stress

Poor nutrition

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What are 3 characteristics of upper respiratory tract infections?

Most common infection in athletes

Average adult has 1-6 infections per year

Caused by pathogens: majority are viral, direct and indirect contact, droplets

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What is the diagnosis and treatment of URTI?

Symptoms

Course: 4-10 days

Symptom management: fluids, pain control, rest

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Symptoms above neck?

Nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat

Can play, proceed cautiously

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Symptoms below the neck?

Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, myalgia

Stop activity and rest!

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What are 5 characteristics of MONO?

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Common - 95% adults exposed

Viral illness of lymphoreticular system

Spread through saliva

30-50 day incubation period

Athletes at same risk as non-athletes

What is the diagnosis and treatment of MONO?

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Clinical findings, lab data

Rest, eat healthy, fluids
Tylenol/advil for sore throat and headaches, no antivirals

What is the main complication of MONO?

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Spleen enlargement (>50% of cases)

Splenic rupture occur in 0.1-0.2% of those with MONO

What is the RTS protocol for MONO?

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Recovery 4-6 weeks from diagnosis

When fatigue goes away, 3 weeks, return to light activity

No worsening symptoms: progress to more strenuous acitvity

RTS is different for everyone

What are 4 characteristics of influenza?

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Not the common cold

Influenza A or B, highly contagious

Winter season

Supportive care, hydration, tylenol/NSAIDs, antivirals within 48h of symptom onset

What happens on day 1-3 of influenza?

Sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, sore throat and sometimes stuffy nose

What happens on day 4 of influenza?

Fever and muscle aches decrease Hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort become more noticeable

What happens on day 8 of influenza?

Symptoms decrease Cough and tiredness may last 1-2 weeks or more

What are complications of influenza?

Dehydration, pneumonia, bronchitis, myositis, death

What is travelers diarrhea usually caused by?

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

What are the symptoms of traveler's diarrhea?

Malaise, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever

How is travelers diarrhea treated?

Generally self-limited with symptoms lasting 1-5 days Hydration, rest, antibiotics (if severe)

How can you prevent travelers diarrhea?

Do not eat weird food Be VERY careful about tap water Dukoral: vaccine against e. coli and cholera

What is hepatitis A?

Usually mild and short term, does not become chronic (contaminated food/water) Vaccine available

What is hepatitis B?

Begins as acute, may become chronic (5-10%) Resulting in severe liver problems (bloodborne) Vaccine available

What is hepatitis C?

Begins as acute in most cases will become chronic (70-85%) Severe liver problems (bloodborne) No vaccine

What are the symptoms of hepatitis?

Fever, fatigue, joint and abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, yellowing of skin/eyes, dark urine, loss of appetite

What are the symptoms of UTIs?

Frequent urge to urinate, burning sensation during urination, pelvic pain, hematuria

What are the risk factors for UTIs?

Female, dehydration, intense exercise, poor hygiene, friction

What is the treatment for UTIs?

Antibiotics (women 3-5 days, men 7-10 days), pain relief, increased fluid intake

What is the prevention for UTIs?

Stay hydrated, cranberry juice (?), hygiene, wear loose/breathable clothing

What are 2 characteristics of otitis external?

Usually bacterial Itching, redness, pain, hearing loss

Risk factors for otitis external?

Chronic moisture, trauma from foreign bodies

Prevention of otitis external?

Keep ears dry Don't damage the skin

Treatment for otitis external?

Antibiotic/steroid combination drops, 7-10 days Pain control

Characteristics of cellulitis?

Bacterial invasion into dermis/subcutaneous tissue, streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus Antibiotics 5-10 days, severe cases may require intravenous antibiotics

Characteristics of impretigo?

Bacterial superficial skin infection, skin to skin contact, broken or unbroken skin, streptococcus staphylococcus aureus Antibiotics of 7-10 days (topical or oral)

Characteristics of herpes simplex?

Herpes simplex virus, skin to skin contact Pain relief, oral antivirals 10 days for initial infection

Characteristics of tinea pedis?

Fungal superficial skin infection, trichophyton, epidermophyton Topical or oral antifungals 2-4 weeks

Lecture 15 Flashcards

(48 cards)