Lecture 4

Question 1

What is a sport inury?

Answer 1

Tissue damage due to participation in sports

Question 2

What causes sport inury?

Answer 2

Sudden or repetitive transfer of kinetic enegry

Question 3

What are the three modes of onset?

Answer 3

Acute mechanism, clear competitive mechanism, or a combination

Question 4

Define direct contact injury

Answer 4

There is contact with another player AT time of injury, WITH area of injury

Question 5

Define indirect contact injury

Answer 5

No direct contact to area of injury at time of injury

Question 6

Define non contact injury

Answer 6

No other objects or athletes involved in the injury

Question 7

What are soft-tissue injuries?

Answer 7

Cartilage, muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries

Question 8

What are skeletal injuries?

Answer 8

Bone injuries

Question 9

What are acute (traumatic) injuries?

Answer 9

Bleeding (hematoma)

Question 10

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 10

Provides smooth surface for joint movement (end of bones)

Question 11

What is firbrocartilage?

Answer 11

Tough cartilage, able to absorb loads (discs of the spine, meniscus)

Question 12

What are tendons?

Answer 12

Connects a muscle to a bone

Question 13

What is an enthesis?

Answer 13

The junction between a tendon and a bone

Question 14

What is a ligament?

Answer 14

Joints two bones together

Question 15

What is a tear?

Answer 15

Muscle, ligament, or tendon

Question 16

What is a sprain?

Answer 16

Joint, or ligament

Question 17

What is a strain?

Answer 17

Muscle, or tendon

Question 18

What is a fracture?

Answer 18

Bone

Question 19

What is a rupture?

Answer 19

Muscle, ligament, or tendon

Question 20

What is stiffness? (stress-strain curve)

Answer 20

The ability of a tissue to resist a load

Question 21

What is the yield point? (stress-strain curve)

Answer 21

The limit of elastic behaviour and the beginning of plastic behaviour

Question 22

What is creep? (stress-strain curve)

Answer 22

Deformation in the shape/properties of a tissue that occurs under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses

Question 23

What is the goal of hemostasis?

Answer 23

Stop the bleeding when injury occurs, forms a clot

Question 24

What are the 4 steps of hemostasis?

Answer 24

1. Vascular spasms
2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Blood clotting (coagulation cascades)
4. Formation of the final clot

Question 25

What is the final step in hemostasis?

Answer 25

Platelets release growth factors

Question 26

What is inflammation?

Answer 26

A defensive response to physical/chemical injury, or bacterial infection

Question 27

What 3 types of cells help with inflammation and at what point?

Answer 27

Neutrophils (48 hrs) Macrophages (48-72 hrs) Lymphocytes (72+ hrs)

Question 28

What is the goal of Proliferation?

Answer 28

Rebuild

Question 29

What are the 4 parts of proliferation?

Answer 29

Angiogenesis, fibroblast migration, epithelialization, wound retraction

Question 30

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 30

Formation of new blood vessels

Question 31

What is fibroblast migration?

Answer 31

Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers and elastin, granulation tissue replaces the clot

Question 32

What is epithelizalization?

Answer 32

Epithelial cells cover the exposed surface

Question 33

What is wound retraction?

Answer 33

Contraction of the wound

Question 34

What is the goal of remodelling?

Answer 34

Increase tissue strength

Question 35

What does granulation tissue mature into?

Answer 35

Scar tissue

Question 36

What determines form and function of scar tissue?

Answer 36

Loading during remodelling stage

Question 37

What determines the remodelling after injruy?

Answer 37

Loading during rehabilitation

Question 38

What is important for rehabilitation of healing structures?

Answer 38

Progressive loads

Question 39

What are the stages of wound healing?

Answer 39

1. Hemostasis (minutes/hours) 2. Inflammation (days) 3. Proliferation (weeks) 4. Remodelling (months/years)

Question 40

What are the important factors in wound healing?

Answer 40

Nutrition, hypoxia, infection, immunosuppression, chronic disease, wound management, age, genetics, surgical technique

Question 41

What are the goals of early wound treatment?

Answer 41

Limit bleeding and swelling, relieve pain, improve conditions for later healing

Question 42

What does PEACE stand for?

Answer 42

Protect, elevate, avoid, compress, educate

Question 43

What does LOVE stand for?

Answer 43

Load, optimism, vascularisation, exercise

Question 44

What is LOVE for?

Answer 44

Rehab post acute injury

Question 45

What are the stages of tissue healing?

Answer 45

Acute (days), subacute (rehabilitation) (weeks), chronic (training) (months)

Question 46

What are the important notes for the acute stage?

Answer 46

DO NO HARM, treatment must begins as soon as possible