KNES 372 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Trabecular (spongy) and cortical (compact)

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2
Q

Where is trabecular bone found and what is its porosity?

A

At the end of long bones, 75-95%

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3
Q

Where is cortical bone found and what is its porosity?

A

Outer shell of long bones, 5-10% (very dense)

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4
Q

What does red bone marrow produces and where is it?

A

RBC
In children in most bones
In adults in flat bones, vertebrae, and long bones

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5
Q

What does yellow bone marrow do and where is it found?

A

Stores fat, only found in adults in their long bones

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6
Q

What is the function of bones OTHER THAN mechanical?

A

Mineral storage (calcium and phosphate), blood cell production, fat storage, hormone regulation

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7
Q

What does physical training do to bones?

A

Increases mass, strength (site specific), driven by dynamic loading

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8
Q

When is peak bone strength and density reached?

A

Between ages of 25 and 30

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9
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Remove bone

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10
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Produce bone

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11
Q

How does the stress strain curve look for bones?

A

There is not much room for movement before a break

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12
Q

What is a traumatic fracture?

A

Closed or open fracture of bone

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13
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

Underlying issue (ex: osteoporosis and cancer)

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14
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

A fatigue fracture

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15
Q

What is a bone contusion?

A

Acute traumatic bone injury without fracture (ex: contact sports, bone bruise)

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16
Q

What is osteitis?

A

Inflammation of bone

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17
Q

What is periostitis?

A

Inflammation of periosteum

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18
Q

What is an osteochondral injury?

A

Articular cartilage and underlying bone injury

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19
Q

What do fracture patterns indicate?

A

Cause and mechanism of injruy

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20
Q

What imaging is used for bone injuries?

A

X-ray, CT scan, MRI

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21
Q

What are the parts of a physical examination for a bone injury?

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A

Inspection, palpation, ROM testing, neurovascular assessment

22
Q

What is conservative treatment for a bone injury?

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A

Splinting or bracing, casting, bandages and orthoses

23
Q

When is surgery used to treat fractures?

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A

When conservative treatment fails, or fracture is highly displaced or unstable

24
Q

What are some characteristics of woven bone?

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A

It is quickly formed, but poorly organized
It is the first bone formed during the healing process

25
What are some characteristics of lamellar bone?
It is slowly formed and highly organized It replaces woven bone during the later stages of healing
26
What are some other treatments for fractures that have questionable efficacy?
Bone grafts, stem cell therapy, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation
27
What are the 8 common complications of bone injruies?
Infection, union issues, acute compartment syndrome, osteonecrosis, nerve injury, vascular injury, osteoarthritis, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
28
What % of MSK injuries occur in cross-country, track and field, or duathlon/recreational runners
15-20%
29
Why are MSK injuries common in runners?
High impulse forces, repetitive bone loading, high training volumes
30
What bone injury is common in endurance runners?
Tibia, tarsal bones
31
What bone injury is common in gymnists?
Lumbar spine
32
What bone injury is common in cricket players?
Lumbar spine
33
What bone injury is common in tennis players?
Humerus and ulna
34
What is the highest population for stress fractures?
Young women
35
What are 7 risk factors for stress fractures?
Age, sex, menstrual disturbances, training load, low energy availability, vitamin D deficiency, iron deficiency
36
What are 3 common MSK injuries in young athletes spines?
Bone stress reaction, fracture, slipping of vertebra
37
What are 3 risk fractures for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
Excessive extension and rotation loads Improper technique Hyperlordosis
38
What is the diagnostic and treatment process for posterior element overuse syndrome?
History and physical Imaging Pain management Pain free activities (avoid extension) Physiotherapy
39
WHat is the return to sport timeline for posterior element overuse syndrome?
4-8 weeks
40
What activities can be performed during week 1 post surgery for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
Short walks and stretching
41
What activities can be performed during week 2-9 post surgery for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
Static stabilization exercises (core)
42
What activities can be performed during week 6-12 post surgery for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
Dynamic strength exercies
43
What activities can be performed during week 9-12 post surgery for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
Low impact and aerobic training
44
What is the return to sport timeline for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, post surgery?
6-12 months
45
What causes medial tibial stress syndrome?
Running and jumping, repetitive loading leads to periosteal inflammation along the tibia
46
What is the focus for medial tibial stress syndrome treatment? (Pain-wise)
Diffuse the pain
47
What are the 4 steps in the treatment of MTSS
History and physical (palpation) Alternative training Correction of problems Exercise therapy
48
What kind of pain is present in a tibial stress fracture?
Focal pain
49
What is a tibial stress fracture caused by?
Running and jumping
50
What is the D&T of a tibial stress fracture?
History and physical (palpation, hop test) X-ray, MRI Crutches, braces, alternative training When pain free-> progressive training
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