Name the most important elements of water supply.
- Water absrtaction
- Water treatment
- Water storage
- Water pumping
- Water distribution
Name different ways to absrtact water.
- Groundwater wells
- Spring wells
- Surface water wells (lakes, reservoirs, running waters)
- Groundwater recharge facilites
What steps are included in water treatment?
- Sedimentation tank
- Flocculation
- Filtration
- Deacidification
- Iron and manganese removal
- Softening
- Disinfesction
Name different types of water storage.
- Elevated and underground tanks
- Pressurized tanks
- Fire water storage tanks
- reservoirs
Name examples for water pumping.
- Pipelines
- Feeder lines
- Pumps
- Pump drivers
What is water distribution?
Pipe network with main lines, supply lines, connection lines and consumption lines
What is important for a continuous supply of drinking water?
- sufficient quantities (quantity)
- impeccable quality (quality)
- sufficient pressure
- at every point in the supply area
What are the main consumers of water in Germany (without water for energy supply)?
- Puplic Water Supply (5,128 million m³/a)
- Industrial Water Supply (1) (7,491 million m³/a)
- Agriculture Water Supply (2) (142 millionn m³/a)
What is included in the Puplic Water Supply.
- Water supply companies (WSC) with pipe network
- Domestic water demand incl. small buisnesses
- Industrial water demand (industry, large-scale trade, agriculture)
- Municipal demand and special demand
- own consumtion of the WSC and water losses
What is included in industrial water supply?
- Own water production
- Mining and manufacturing industry
- Quarrying of stones and earths
- other economic sectors (e.g. steel works which have their own wells)
What is included in agriculture water supply?
- Own water production
- Irrigation of agricultural areas
- Horticulture and irrigation of permantent crops
How did the water abstraction in Germany develope in the last years?
Water Abstraction decreased in the last 35 years (mostly abstracted from groundwater, followed by surface water and then spring water)
How did the puplic water supply in Germany develope between 1990 and 2013?
1990: supply sotal 5985 million m³
- Housholds and small businesses 69,3%
- Indusrty, large-scale trade, agriculture 19,5%
- Municipal and special demand 11,2%
2013: supply total 4480 million m³
- Housholds and small businesses 79,4%
- Industry, large-scale trade, agriculture 14,2%
- Municipal and special demand 6,5%
How is the per-capita deman calculated? What does the municipal deman include?
Per-capita demand is calculated from the network supply of the WSC, i.e. the annual water quantity Qpipe,out in relation to the number of inhabitants supplied. The municipal demand may also include fire-extinguishing water. Otherwise the fire-extinguishing water must be listed separately.
What does the municipal demand cover?
- Hospitals, schools, administrative and office buildings, retirement homes, nursing homes, slaughterhouses, cemeteries
What does the special demand (private sector) cover?
- Sports halls, fitness clubs, swimming and leisure pools, stadiums, race tracks, exhibition and congress halls, fairgrounds
How high is the per-capita water demand, including industrial demand, mubicipal and special demand, self-consumption of WSC and water losses?
161,5 l/(P*d)
