What are the different types of water?
- Raw water
- Drinking Water
- Process Water
What is raw water?
- Untreated water
- Groundwater, spring water or surface water
- Starting production of drinking water and industrial water
What is drinking water?
- Water suitable for human consumption or use
- Quality characteristics in accordance with the Drinking Water Ordinance
What is process water?
- Water used for commerical, industrial or agricultural purposes
- Does NOT meet requirements for drinking water
- E.g. surface water that is only slightly treated to be used as cooling water
What is the main source for water extraction?
Subterreanean water (77,4 %) (Groundwater 61,1 %)
How can water be extracted from groundwater?
- Vertical wells
- Horizontal wells
- Horizontal filter wells
Name different methods for groundwater recharge.
- Bank infiltrate
- Infiltration basin
- Sink-hole
Name different sources for surface water.
- Lake water
- Reservoir water
- River water
Name different methods for water abstraction.
Subterranean water:
- Groundwater
- Spring water
- Groundwaterrecharge
Above-ground water:
- Surfac water
What does the composition of groundwater depend on?
The composition of groundwater depens on the geological conditions.
What is groundwater?
Water stored underground in rock cavities
How does groundwater move?
Standing or flowing through rock layers
What does groundwater contain?
Dissolved minerals (alkalis, sulphates, chlorides)
Why is groundwater important?
Composition depens on geological catchment areas
Name the properties of underground watercources.
- Constanly changing wate levels, high velocity
- Large fluctuations in yield and temperature
- No filter effect, resulting in fluctuations in water quality, e.g turbidity or bacterial count
What are the differences between underground watercourses and groundwater regarding:
- water level changes
- water level heights
- temperature
- chemical composition changes
- bacterial count
Water level changes:
- Underground watercourses: Water level rapid changes
- Groundwater: Groundwater level fluctuates little
Water level height:
- Underground watercourses: Water level ist constantly changing; discharge and flow velocties vary between high and zero
- Groundwater: Constant height with constant withdrawal
Temperature:
- Underground watercourses: Large temperature fluctuations over time
- Groundwater: Constant temperature (soil
temperature)
Chemical composition changes:
- Underground watercourses: No or low filter effect chemical composition changes
- Groundwater: Only long-term changes
Bacterial count:
- Underground watercourses: No or low filter effect, bacteriological composition changes, bacterial count occasionally high
- Groundwater: Low and constant bacterial count
