What is spring water?
Naturally occuring groundwater
What can be indicated with the exploration of springs?
- temporary turbidity
- changes in yield (discharge ratio)
- temperature flucctuations
- chemical composition
- bacteriological composition
When is the discharge ratio suitable/unsuitable for water supply?
DR = Q_max/Q_min
DR < 20 Spring is suitable for water supply
DR > 20 Spring is unsuitable for water supply
Name different types of springs.
- Valley spring
- Border spring
- Fracture spring
- Artesian spring
- Karst spring
What are the principles of spring tapping?
- Minimal intervention: Preserve the springs’s natural state
- Avoid changeing water level
- Simple and approprate design
What are the requirements of spring tapping?
- easy accessibility
- adequate ventilation
- protection against the effects of external temperature
- prevention of contamination
- frost-free location
What are the design guidlines for spring tapping?
DVGW - Worksheet W 351 - 361 (Instructions for the design of spring taps, small structures in water supply)
What belongs to the survey of rivers (Gewässeruntersuchung)?
- Determination of water quantites
- Determination of water properties
- chemical porperites
- bacteriological properties
- biological properties
- water levels
- sediments and susoended matte
- ice formation
Name preliminary test at the sampling point.
- Germ content (e.g. E. coli)
- Plankton
- Dissolved substances
- Water currents
- Wave movements
- Temperature
- Inflow volume and water levels
What advantage does water from inland lakes and reservoirs have?
- Generally good suitability for drinking water supply
-> Water abstraciton from reservoirs generally cheaper than from lakes
Why should every drop of water remain in the reservoir for 30 to 40 days?
In order to take full advantage of the chemical-biological processes of self-cleaning
What does § 51 (1) of the WHG contain?
- Protection of water bodies from adverse effects
- recharge groundwater
- establish water protection areas
What does § 51 (2) of the WHG contain?
Drinking water protection areas should be devided into zones
What does the § 52 of WHG contain?
- Prohibitions and restrictions on action
- Obligations to act and use
- tolerance obligations
Name the worksheets of the DVGW fpr protected area zones.
Worksheet W 101: Groundwater abstraction areas
Worksheet W 102: Drinking water reservoirs
Worksheet W 103: Lakes for drinking water abstraction
-> Worksheets contain sample regulations that must be adapted to local conditions in individual cases
How are the water protection areas divided?
Division of a water protection area into zones:
Wellhead protection area: Zone I
Narrower protection zone: Zone II
Wider protection zone: Zone III
What is the purpose of Zone I?
Protection of the abstraction facility and its immediant surrondings from and contamination and damage
What is the purpose of Zone II?
It’s intended to ensure protection agains contamination by pathogenic microoganisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria, parasites and worm eggs) and against other damage causeb by various human activities and facilitied that are particulary hazardous due to their proximity to the abstration facility
What is the purpose of Zone III?
It’s intended to ensure protection against far-reaching harm, in particular against non-degradable or difficult-to-degrade chemical and radioactive contaminants
