Lesson 8

Question 1

Census

Answer 1

An official count or survey of a population, usually organized by the government.
It collects information such as the number of people, their ages, jobs, education, housing, and other statistics.
Most countries conduct a census every 5 or 10 years to plan services like schools, hospitals, and transportation.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
سرشماری / آمارگیری جمعیت

Question 2

Demography

Answer 2

The scientific study of populations, especially in terms of size, structure, distribution, and changes (like birth rates, death rates, migration, and aging).
It helps governments, businesses, and researchers understand social and economic trends.
A person who studies demography is called a demographer.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
جمعیت‌شناسی / مطالعه آماری جمعیت

Question 3

Indigenous

Answer 3

Originating naturally in a particular place; native to a region.
Often refers to people, cultures, plants, or animals that are originally from a certain area and not introduced from outside.
Commonly used in cultural, social, and environmental studies.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
بومی / اصیل / محلی

Question 4

Heritage

Answer 4

The traditions, achievements, beliefs, values, culture, and history that are passed down from previous generations.
It can also refer to natural or historical sites protected for their cultural importance (like UNESCO World Heritage Sites).
Can be cultural, historical, or even genetic (family heritage).
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
میراث / ارثیه فرهنگی یا تاریخی

Question 5

Monarch

Answer 5

A king, queen, emperor, or empress who rules a country, usually by hereditary right.
The head of a monarchy (a system of government led by a royal family).
It can also refer to the monarch butterfly, a type of butterfly famous for long migrations.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
پادشاه / سلطان / شهریار
(در زیست‌شناسی) پروانه شهریار

Question 6

Emperor

Answer 6

The male ruler of an empire (a group of countries or regions controlled by one authority).
Higher in rank than a king, since an emperor rules over many kingdoms.
The female equivalent is empress.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
امپراتور / قیصر

Question 7

Empress

Answer 7

A female ruler of an empire.
She can be the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right.
The female equivalent of emperor.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
امپراتریس / ملکه امپراتوری

Question 8

Descend

Answer 8

To move downwards from a higher place to a lower one.
To be passed down from an ancestor or family line (→ related to “descendant”).
To fall upon or arrive suddenly (often used figuratively, e.g., “darkness descended”).
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
پایین آمدن / فرود آمدن
منتقل شدن از نسل قبلی / نسب داشتن
(مجازاً) نازل شدن / فرارسیدن

Question 9

Colony

Answer 9

A territory or country that is ruled or controlled by another country (often far away).
A group of people who settle in a new land but remain connected to their original country.
In biology: A group of the same species living closely together (e.g., a colony of ants, a colony of bacteria).
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
مستعمره (در سیاست و تاریخ)
گروه ساکنان در یک منطقه جدید
کلنی / اجتماع موجودات (در زیست‌شناسی)

Question 10

Colonialism

Answer 10

The practice or policy of one country controlling and exploiting another country or territory, often by settling there or imposing economic, political, and cultural domination.
It usually involves the establishment of colonies and the subjugation of indigenous peoples.
Historically, European powers practiced colonialism in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
استعمار / سیاست استعمارگری

Question 11

Former

Answer 11

Refers to something or someone that existed in the past but no longer does.
Often used to describe previous positions, roles, or conditions.
As a noun:
Refers to the first of two things mentioned (usually paired with “latter”).
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
Adjective:
قبلی / سابق / پیشین
Noun:
اولی / مورد اول

Question 12

Restore

Answer 12

To bring back something to its original condition or state.
To give back something that was lost or taken.
In medicine or technology, it can mean returning health, function, or data.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
بازگرداندن / ترمیم کردن / احیا کردن

Question 13

Amend

Answer 13

To make changes to improve something, usually a document, law, or statement.
To correct or fix mistakes.
In general, to alter something for the better.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
اصلاح کردن / بهبود بخشیدن / تعدیل کردن

Question 14

Distort

Answer 14

To change the shape, appearance, or sound of something so that it is twisted or inaccurate.
To misrepresent facts, information, or meaning, often deliberately.
To make something unclear or misleading.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
تحریف کردن / کج کردن / منحرف کردن
نادرست یا گمراه‌کننده جلوه دادن

Question 15

Manipulate

Answer 15

To handle or control something skillfully, often with your hands or tools.
To influence or control people or situations cleverly or unfairly.
Can be positive (skillful handling) or negative (tricking or exploiting).
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
کاربرد ماهرانه / دستکاری کردن / مهار کردن
تحت تأثیر قرار دادن یا فریب دادن

Question 16

Recession

Answer 16

A period of temporary economic decline, typically when GDP falls for two consecutive quarters.
Characterized by high unemployment, reduced consumer spending, and lower industrial production.
Opposite of economic growth or expansion.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
رکود اقتصادی / کسادی اقتصادی

Question 17

Deteriorate

Answer 17

To become worse in quality, condition, or value over time.
To decline or degenerate, either physically, mentally, or socially.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
بدتر شدن / خراب شدن / تخریب شدن

Question 18

Diminish

Answer 18

To become smaller, weaker, or less important.
To reduce something in size, amount, or intensity.
Often used for value, influence, feelings, or quantity.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
کاهش یافتن / کم شدن / کاهش دادن

Question 19

Eradicate

Answer 19

To completely remove or destroy something, leaving no trace.
Often used for diseases, problems, or negative phenomena.
Stronger than “remove” or “eliminate,” implying total destruction.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
ریشه‌کن کردن / از بین بردن کامل / نابود کردن

Question 20

Welfare

Answer 20

The health, happiness, and well-being of a person or group.
Government support for people in need, such as financial aid, healthcare, or housing.
Can refer to general public benefit or social services.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
رفاه / آسایش / بهزیستی
(در دولت) حمایت اجتماعی / کمک‌های دولتی

Question 21

Shrank

Answer 21

To become smaller in size, amount, or value.
The past form of shrink, which refers to reducing, contracting, or decreasing.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
کوچک شد / کاهش یافت / منقبض شد

Question 22

Tail off

Answer 22

To gradually decrease in strength, amount, or intensity.
Often used for sound, activity, speech, or numbers.
Implies a slow fading or reduction rather than a sudden stop.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
کم شدن تدریجی / کاهش تدریجی یافتن / کم‌رنگ شدن

Question 23

Habitable

Answer 23

Suitable for living in or capable of supporting life.
Used to describe places, planets, or buildings that are safe and comfortable for humans (or sometimes animals).
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
قابل سکونت / قابل زندگی / مسکونی

Question 24

Chronological

Answer 24

Arranged in the order of time in which events occurred.
Often used in history, timelines, reports, or storytelling.
3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی)
به ترتیب زمانی / زمانی / بر اساس تاریخ وقوع

Question 25

Humankind

Answer 25

All human beings collectively; the entire human species. Often used in a general, inclusive, or philosophical context. Synonymous with humanity, but slightly more formal or literary. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) نوع بشر / انسانیت / تمام انسان‌ها

Question 26

Nomadic

Answer 26

Relating to people or groups who move from place to place rather than settling permanently. Often used to describe lifestyles, tribes, or cultures that travel to find food, water, or grazing land. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) کوچ‌نشین / عشایری / سیار

Question 27

Resist

Answer 27

To oppose or fight against something actively. To refuse to accept or be affected by something. To control oneself from doing something tempting or harmful. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) مقاومت کردن / مقاومت نشان دادن / مقاومت در برابر در برابر چیزی ایستادگی کردن

Question 28

Chunk

Answer 28

As a noun: A large, thick piece or portion of something. Often used for food, materials, or abstract concepts. As a verb: To break something into large pieces. Informally, can also mean grouping things together. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Noun: تکه بزرگ / بخش عمده / قطعه Verb: تکه‌تکه کردن / بخش‌بندی کردن / خرد کردن

Question 29

Module

Answer 29

A separate, self-contained unit of a larger system, which can function independently but also work with other modules. Commonly used in education, software, electronics, and space technology. Examples: a part of a course, a component in a computer program, or a section of a spacecraft. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) واحد / بخش / ماژول / بخش مستقل

Question 30

Registration

Answer 30

The act of officially recording or enrolling something or someone. Can refer to signing up for a service, course, event, or official record. Often used in schools, government, events, or systems. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) ثبت‌نام / نام‌نویسی / ثبت رسمی

Question 31

Genealogical

Answer 31

Related to genealogy, which is the study of family history and lineage. Often used when tracing ancestry, family trees, or historical connections between relatives. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) خانواده‌شناسی / مربوط به شجره‌نامه / نسب‌شناسی

Question 32

Interactive

Answer 32

Designed to respond to user input or involve active participation. Involving communication or collaboration between people or systems. Often used in technology, education, and media contexts. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) تعامل‌پذیر / دوطرفه / مشارکتی

Question 33

Compile

Answer 33

To collect information, data, or materials from various sources and organize them into a single document or collection. In computing, it means to translate code written in a programming language into executable machine code. Often implies careful gathering and organization. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) جمع‌آوری کردن / گردآوری کردن / تدوین کردن (در کامپیوتر) کامپایل کردن / ترجمه برنامه

Question 34

Suspicious

Answer 34

Having or showing doubt, mistrust, or suspicion about someone or something. Appearing strange, untrustworthy, or likely to be harmful. Often used when someone feels something might be wrong or dishonest. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) مشکوک / بدگمان / ظنین

Question 35

Alienation

Answer 35

The feeling of being isolated or estranged from a group, society, or environment. The state of being disconnected from people, work, or familiar surroundings. In law, it can also refer to the transfer of property or rights to another person. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) بیگانگی / انزوا / دور شدن از جمع (حقوقی) انتقال مالکیت / انتقال حق

Question 36

Acknowledge

Answer 36

To accept or admit the truth or existence of something. To recognize the presence, effort, or contribution of someone. To show that you have received something, like a message, gift, or letter. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) به رسمیت شناختن / تأیید کردن / قدردانی کردن / اطلاع دادن از دریافت

Question 37

Discrimination

Answer 37

Unfair or prejudicial treatment of a person or group based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, or disability. The ability to distinguish or recognize differences between things (less common usage). 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) تبعیض / رفتار ناعادلانه (در معنای دوم) تمایز قائل شدن / تشخیص تفاوت‌ها

Question 38

Distort

Answer 38

To change the shape, appearance, or sound of something so that it is twisted or inaccurate. To misrepresent facts, information, or meaning, often deliberately. To make something unclear or misleading. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) تحریف کردن / کج کردن / منحرف کردن نادرست یا گمراه‌کننده جلوه دادن

Question 39

Refugee

Answer 39

A person who is forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or natural disaster. Someone seeking safety and protection in another country. Different from a migrant, as a refugee usually cannot safely return home. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) پناهنده / مهاجر تحت حفاظت / کسی که به خاطر جنگ یا خطرات فرار کرده

Question 40

Regulate

Answer 40

To control or manage something according to rules or laws. To adjust or maintain the proper functioning of a system or process. Often used in government, business, and technical contexts. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) تنظیم کردن / کنترل کردن / قانونمند کردن

Question 41

Fleeing

Answer 41

Running away from danger, threat, or harm. Leaving a place quickly to escape something threatening. Often used in contexts like war, natural disasters, or crime. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) گریختن / فرار کردن / به سرعت فرار کردن

Question 42

Applicant

Answer 42

A person who applies for something, such as a job, a program, a loan, or admission. Someone seeking acceptance, approval, or consideration from an organization or authority. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) متقاضی / داوطلب / درخواست‌کننده

Question 43

Crown

Answer 43

A symbolic ornamental headpiece worn by a monarch, representing authority or royalty. The top part of something, like a tooth or a hat. As a verb: To formally declare someone a king, queen, or monarch. To put a crown on someone or figuratively honor or complete something. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Noun: تاج / نماد پادشاهی / بخش بالایی

Question 44

Patriotism

Answer 44

The love, devotion, and loyalty one feels toward their country. Pride in a country’s achievements, culture, or values. Often expressed through support, service, or defense of the nation. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) وطن‌پرستی / عشق به کشور / وفاداری به میهن

Question 45

Infiltrate

Answer 45

To enter or gain access to a place, organization, or group secretly, often for a purpose like spying or sabotage. Can also mean to gradually penetrate a system, area, or substance. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) نفوذ کردن / به صورت مخفیانه وارد شدن / رخنه کردن

Question 46

Re define

Answer 46

To give a new meaning, description, or interpretation to something. To change the way something is understood, perceived, or done. Often used when updating concepts, standards, or ideas. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) تعریف دوباره کردن / بازتعریف کردن / دوباره معنا دادن

Question 47

Commonwealth

Answer 47

A political community founded for the common good of its people. A group of countries or states with shared interests or allegiance, often under a monarch (e.g., the Commonwealth of Nations). Historically, it can refer to self-governing states or republics. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) جمهوری / جامعه مشترک / اتحاد کشورهای مستقل با منافع مشترک

Question 48

Contemporary

Answer 48

As an adjective: Belonging to or living in the same period of time; modern or current. Existing or occurring at the same time as something else. As a noun: A person living at the same time as another person. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Adjective: معاصر / هم‌زمان / امروزی Noun: هم‌عصر / فرد هم‌زمان با شخصی دیگر

Question 49

Alien

Answer 49

A person from another country; a foreigner (legal/immigration context). A creature from another planet (science fiction use). As an adjective: Belonging to a different country, culture, or environment. Strange, unfamiliar, or foreign. Relating to extraterrestrial life. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Noun: بیگانه / خارجی / موجود فضایی Adjective: بیگانه / غریبه / ناشناخته / مربوط به موجودات فضایی

Question 50

Admit

Answer 50

To confess or acknowledge that something is true, often something wrong or embarrassing. To allow entry into a place (like a building, school, or country). To accept someone into an institution, program, or organization. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) اعتراف کردن / پذیرفتن / اجازه ورود دادن

Question 51

Contagious

Answer 51

Medical) Able to spread from one person to another by direct or indirect contact (like flu, cold, or COVID-19). (Figurative) Easily spreading emotions, behaviors, or attitudes from one person to another (like laughter, excitement, or enthusiasm). 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) مسری / واگیردار / قابل سرایت

Question 52

Criminal conviction

Answer 52

An official decision by a court of law that someone is guilty of committing a crime. It usually follows a trial where evidence is presented. A conviction often results in a sentence or punishment, such as a fine, imprisonment, or probation. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) محکومیت کیفری / حکم مجرمیت

Question 53

Ferry

Answer 53

A boat or ship used to carry people, vehicles, or goods across a river, lake, or sea at regular times. As a verb: To transport people or goods by boat, plane, or vehicle, especially back and forth over a short distance. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Noun: کشتی مسافربر / کشتی کوچک برای عبور از رودخانه یا دریا Verb: جابه‌جا کردن با قایق یا وسیله نقلیه / حمل کردن

Question 54

Radically

Answer 54

In a way that is extreme, complete, or very different from the usual. Involving a fundamental or drastic change. Sometimes used to mean at the root level (from “radical” = root). 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) اساسی / بنیادین / به طور ریشه‌ای / به شدت

Question 55

Ethnic

Answer 55

Relating to a particular group of people who share a common culture, language, religion, or ancestry. Sometimes used to describe traditions, food, music, or clothing from a cultural group. As a noun (less common, sometimes sensitive): A member of a particular ethnic group. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Adjective: قومیتی / نژادی / قومی Noun: عضو یک قوم / فرد متعلق به گروه قومی

Question 56

Mayor

Answer 56

The head of a city, town, or municipality, elected or appointed to oversee local government. The mayor is usually responsible for administration, public services, and representing the city. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) شهردار

Question 57

Municipality

Answer 57

A city, town, or district that has its own local government. The governing body (the officials, like mayor and council) that manages local services such as roads, waste collection, and public safety. It emphasizes local self-government within a larger country or state. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) شهرداری / نهاد شهری / واحد اداری محلی

Question 58

Predominantly

Answer 58

Mainly, mostly, or for the most part. It shows that something is true in the majority of cases but not necessarily in all. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) عمدتاً / بیشتر / غالباً

Question 59

Up and coming

Answer 59

A person or thing that is gaining success, popularity, or importance, and is expected to become even more successful in the future. Often used for young professionals, artists, businesses, or neighborhoods that are rising and promising. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) نوظهور / در حال پیشرفت / آینده‌دار

Question 60

Diverse

Answer 60

Showing a great deal of variety; very different from each other. Having people, things, or ideas from different backgrounds, types, or categories. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) متنوع / گوناگون / مختلف

Question 61

Ultra rich

Answer 61

Extremely wealthy; having far more money than ordinary rich people. It usually refers to the super wealthy elite, such as billionaires or multimillionaires. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) فوق‌العاده ثروتمند / بسیار پولدار

Question 62

Density

Answer 62

The measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume (in physics/science). The degree to which something is concentrated or crowded in a space (e.g., population, objects). 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) چگالی / تراکم / فشردگی

Question 63

Steadily

Answer 63

Continuously, without sudden changes, interruptions, or fluctuations. In a gradual and consistent manner. Often describes growth, movement, or progress. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) به طور مداوم / پیوسته / آرام و یکنواخت

Question 64

Inhabitant

Answer 64

A person or animal that lives in a particular place. Someone who resides permanently or for a long time in a city, town, or country. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) ساکن / ساکن یک محل / فردی که در جایی زندگی می‌کند

Question 65

Prior

Answer 65

Earlier in time; happening before something else. Can refer to previous experience, events, or conditions. As a noun (less common): A monastic leader in certain religious orders (rare usage). 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Adjective: قبلی / پیشین / سابق

Question 66

Heritage

Answer 66

Property, traditions, or values passed down from previous generations. It can refer to cultural, historical, or natural legacy. Often used to describe something inherited that has importance or significance. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) میراث / ارثیه / فرهنگ و سنت‌های به جا مانده از نسل‌های گذشته

Question 67

Evident

Answer 67

Clearly visible or obvious; easy to see or understand. Something that is plainly apparent from the facts or situation. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) مشهود / آشکار / روشن / واضح

Question 68

Equivalent

Answer 68

Equal in value, amount, function, meaning, or significance. Something that corresponds exactly to another thing. As a noun: A thing that is equal in value, amount, function, or meaning to something else. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Adjective: معادل / برابر / هم‌ارزش Noun: چیز معادل / هم‌ارزش

Question 69

Restoration

Answer 69

The act of returning something to its former condition or state. Repairing or renewing something that has decayed, damaged, or been lost. Can also refer to bringing back a system, practice, or institution after it has been abolished or disrupted. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) بازسازی / ترمیم / احیا / بازگردانی

Question 70

Prospect

Answer 70

The possibility or likelihood of some future event happening. A view or scene in the distance (less common). A potential candidate or customer. As a verb (less common): To search for mineral deposits, like gold or oil. 3. Meaning in Persian (فارسی) Noun: چشم‌انداز / امکان / چشم‌انداز آینده / چشم‌انداز دور نامزد احتمالی / مشتری احتمالی Verb: کاوش کردن برای منابع معدنی