Midterm 1 - Chapter 3

Question 1

perception

Answer 1

process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment

Question 2

factors that influence perception

Answer 2

perceiver
situation
target

Question 3

social identity theory

Answer 3

people form perceptions of themselves based on their personal characteristics and memberships in social categories.

Question 4

first impressions

Answer 4

the initial perceptions and inferences one person makes about another person based on exposure to some set of cues

Question 5

primacy effect

Answer 5

tendency to rely on the cues that we encounter early in a relationship.

Question 6

recency effect

Answer 6

tendency for a perceiver to reply on recent cues or last impressions

Question 7

central traits

Answer 7

personal characteristics of the target that are of special interest to them.

Question 8

implicit personality theory

Answer 8

personal theories that ppl have about which personality characteristics go together

Question 9

projection

Answer 9

tendency to attribute one’s own thoughts and feelings to others

Question 10

stereotyping

Answer 10

tendency to generalize about people in a social category and ignore variations among them.

Question 11

attribution

Answer 11

the process by which we assign causes or motives to explain people’s behaviour.

Question 12

dispositional attributions

Answer 12

some personality or intellectual characteristic unique to the person is responsible for the behaviour and that the behaviour thus reflects the “true person.”

Question 13

situational attributions

Answer 13

the external situation or environment in which the target person exists was responsible for the behaviour and that the person might have had little control over the behaviour.

Question 14

consistency cues

Answer 14

how consistently a person engages in a behaviour over time.

Question 15

consensus cues

Answer 15

how a person’s behaviour compares with that of others.

Question 16

distinctiveness cues

Answer 16

the extent to which a person engages in some behaviour across a variety of situations.

Question 17

fundamental attribution error

Answer 17

We often assume other people’s actions come from who they are,
while excusing our own behavior as situational
We blame people first, not the situation.

Question 18

actor-observer effect

Answer 18

Actors and observers tend to view causes of
actor’s behaviour differently

Question 19

self serving bias

Answer 19

people have a tendency to take credit and responsibility for successful outcomes of their behaviour and to deny credit and responsibility for failures

Question 20

diversity climate

Answer 20

refers to the degree to which an organization advocates fair huma resource policies, promotes equal employment opportunities and inclusion, and socially integrates underrepresented employees

Question 21

stereotype application

Answer 21

the degree to which people act on their stereotypes when making evaluations and decisions

Question 22

stereotype threat

Answer 22

when members of a social group (e.g., members of a racialized community or women) feel they might be judged or treated according to a stereotype and that their behaviour and/or performance will confirm the stereotype.

Question 23

org. climate

Answer 23

shared perceptions that employees have about the organization’s policies, practices, and procedures and the behaviours that are expected, supported, and rewarded.

Question 24

safety climate

Answer 24

employees’ shared perceptions of safety-related events, practices, and procedures as well as the types of safety-oriented behaviours that are expected, supported, and rewarded.

Question 25

. Perceived organizational support (POS)

Answer 25

employees’ general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.

Question 26

organizational support theory (OST)

Answer 26

, employees who have strong perceptions of organizational support feel an obligation to care about the organization’s welfare and to help the organization achieve its objectives.

Question 27

norm of reciprocity

Answer 27

a felt obligation to help the organization achieve its goals and objectives in return for various resources obtained from the organization such as perceived support.

Question 28

perceived supervisor support

Answer 28

employees general belief that their supervisor values their contribution and cares about their well being

Question 29

signalling theory

Answer 29

job applicants have incomplete information about jobs and organizations, so they interpret their recruitment and selection experiences as cues or signals about unknown characteristics of a job and organization and what it would be like to work there.

Question 30

contrast effects

Answer 30

applicants who have been interviewed earlier affect the interviewer’s perception of a current applicant, leading to an exaggeration of differences between applicants.

Question 31

leniency

Answer 31

tendency to perceive the performance of one’s ratees as especially good

Question 32

harshness

Answer 32

tendency to see their performance as especially ineffective.

Question 33

central tendency

Answer 33

assigning most ratees to a middle-range performance category—the extremes of the rating categories are not used.

Question 34

halo effect

Answer 34

the observer allows the rating of an individual on one trait or characteristic to colour the ratings on other traits or characteristics.

Question 35

similar to me effect

Answer 35

The rater tends to give more favourable evaluations to people who are similar to the rater in terms of background or attitudes.

Question 36

behaviourally anchored rating scale

Answer 36

rating scale with very specific behavioural examples (from top to bottom) of good, average, and poor customer service.

Question 37

frame of reference training

Answer 37

involves providing raters with a common frame of reference to use when rating individuals.