Migration EQ1

Question 1

Core-periphery system

Answer 1

The uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions of a country, resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment

Question 2

Backwash (migration)

Answer 2

Flows of people, investment and resources directed from peripheral to core regions

Responsible for the polarisation of regional prosperity between regions within the same country

Question 3

Trickle-down

Answer 3

The positive impacts on the peripheral regions of wealth creation in core regions eg investment, regional aid, diffusion of technology/infrastructure

Question 4

Negative externalities

Answer 4

Costs suffered by third party people and places because of changing economic activity eg. unemployment or pollution

Question 5

Neo-liberalism

Answer 5

A belief in freer flows of people, capital and trade, involving liberalisation, deregulation and open borders

Question 6

Schengen Agreement

Answer 6

An international agreement that aims to make it easier for people to move freely within the EU (passports don’t have to be shown)

Question 7

Refugee

Answer 7

People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution

Question 8

Asylum seeker

Answer 8

Someone who flees to another country and applies for the right to international protection

Question 9

Ethnicity

Answer 9

The shared identity of an ethnic group which may be based on common ancestral roots/cultural characteristics

Question 10

Assimilation

Answer 10

The eventual adoption of the cultural traits belonging to a host or majority community by a migrant/minority community

Question 11

Why do national core-periphery systems develop and strengthen over time?

Answer 11

-core region has a natural advantage, causing uneven economic growth

-over time the imbalance is exaggerated due to perpetual outflow of migrants

Question 12

What global systems encourage rural-urban migration?

Answer 12

-Introduction of mechanised agriculture
-Land grabs by states/agribusinesses
-Employment pull factors

Question 13

Why is movement of labour within most states is unrestricted?

Answer 13

-Supports regional employment opportunities
-Increased investment into region-> multiplier effect
-Contributes to global economic system

Question 14

Benefits of Schengen

Answer 14

-EU labour can move to where there is most demand
-no need for VISAs
-promotes free trade
-no need to declare goods

Question 15

Costs of Schengen

Answer 15

-May be a problem with refugees/asylum seekers (fear of immigration policies from host countries)

-Growth of nationalist movements to oppose free movement

-Racism and hostility towards immigrants

Question 16

Differing migration policies

Answer 16

Singapore- liberal immigration policies
Japan and Australia- stricter immigration policies

Question 17

Events that can affect migration

Answer 17

Climate change
Drought
Sea level rise
Global financial crisis
Unemployment rates
Brexit
Wars
Family

Question 18

The three main causes of migration

Answer 18

Family
Conflict and persecution
Voluntary economic migration

Question 19

Why may people be against voluntary economic migrants?

Answer 19

‘Brain drain’ in source region
Replacing jobs with migrant labour
More competitive job markets

Question 20

Why might some people be against refugees and asylum seekers?

Answer 20

-can overwhelm some countries services eg housing
-threat to national security? (some people may not feel safe allowing them in)
-can lead to opposition from nationalists

Question 21

Rationale for permitting free movement of people in the EU

Answer 21

Maximise economic efficiency when goods, capital and labour can move freely

Human beings are an economic resource that businesses need to make use of, with backwash effects balancing out negatives

Question 22

How does free movement of people affect national identity?

Answer 22

Different cultures, foods, customs and beliefs are brought into a country

Question 23

How does being part of a trade bloc affect sovereignty?

Answer 23

Less sovereignty as trading bloc laws also apply to the country

Question 24

Why is free movement not at a global level?

Answer 24

Most countries like to control borders and immigration levels to protect culture/jobs/pressure on services

Question 25

4 factors affecting rates of assimilation

Answer 25

1- government policy 2- degrees of difference in culture/ethnicity 3- length of residence 4- reason for migration

Question 26

4 potential acculturation outcomes

Answer 26

Integration Assimilation Separation Marginalisation

Question 27

Integration

Answer 27

high degrees of both maintenance of minority culture and majority society engagement

Question 28

Why are some migrant groups reported on more favourably than others?

Answer 28

-Socioeconomic backgrounds influence political identity -Media outlets reflect perceptions against migration -Personal experience -Age

Question 29

Factors determining a person’s ability to migrate

Answer 29

-Existing wealth -Governance (eg border restrictions) -Skilled workers+ qualifications -Family ties -Political agreements

Question 30

Deglobalisation

Answer 30

Involves decreasing, rather than increasing, economic integration of countries and reduce movement of goods, services and capital across borders