Tectonics EQ3

Question 1

How have hazard trends changed since 1960?

Answer 1

-Number of disasters reported has increased
-The total number of deaths fluctuates between years
-The economic costs of hazards have increased

Question 2

Why have the number of disasters reported increased?

Answer 2

-More advanced technology
-Climate change increased likelihood of hydrological events
-Increased population

Question 3

Why can all hazard statistics not be trusted?

Answer 3

-Corrupt governments that lie
-Undocumented people not included
-Accuracy of statistics has increased over time
-Remote locations, unknown
-Difficult to collect data in remote/dense areas

Question 4

3 types of governance

Answer 4

Economic, political, administrative

Question 5

Park’s model

Answer 5

A model which shows how a country can recover from a disaster/hazard event through resilience and management

Question 6

The four stages of Park’s model

Answer 6

Pre-disaster, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction

Question 7

Limitations of Park’s model

Answer 7

-focus on social elements over economic
-also affected by physical factors eg multiple hazard zones
-subjective and vague classification for what normality/deterioration is

Question 8

The four stages of the hazard management cycle

Answer 8

Mitigation, preparation, response, recovery

Question 9

Ways to forecast/predict earthquakes

Answer 9

-Using historical data to forecast
-Models mapping magma movement
-Patterns in seismic activity
-Animal behaviour eg. snakes

Question 10

Ways to forecast/predict volcanic eruptions

Answer 10

-Measuring ground deformation
-Patterns in seismic activity
-Using historical data to forecast
-Measuring changes in gas emissions

Question 11

3 stages of disaster management

Answer 11

Modifying the event, vulnerability, the loss

Question 12

Modifying the event (volcanoes)

Answer 12

Diverting or cooling lava flows eg. Heimaey 1973

Question 13

Modifying the event (earthquake)

Answer 13

-Protecting buildings and facilities
-Improving planning frameworks for houses
-Retrofitting hazardous buildings eg. steel brackets
-Tsunami walls and planting mangroves as a buffer

Question 14

Modifying the vulnerability

Answer 14

-Prediction, forecasting, warnings
-Improved community preparedness
-Land-use planning

Question 15

Modifying the loss

Answer 15

Insurance, emergency relief and disaster aid

Question 16

Players in disaster management

Answer 16

National and local government, IGOs, Educators, NGOs, Emergency services, Architects, Locals, Scientists, Insurance companies

Question 17

Sendai Framework, March 2015

Answer 17

replaced the 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, and had 4 priorities to understand risk, strengthen governance, invest in disaster-risk reduction, ‘build back better’