What are 4 examples of IGOs?
IMF
World Bank
World Economic Forum
World Trade Organisation
What do IGOs promote?
The idea of free market capitalism over the centrally planned economy
What are aims of the IMF?
To promote global economic security and stability, providing loans to reform economies (eg. SAPs + HIPC)
What is the World Economic Forum and its aim?
promote globalisation and free trade
annual conferences held in Davos, Switzerland, where memberships cost $60,000-$600,000, 2/3 participants from Western Europe/North America
Why do countries contribute to the funding of IGOs?
To obtain political power through influencing whether loans are approved, maintaining their economic base + superpower status
How do IGOs promote free market capitalism?
They promote privatisation eg. Bolivia
What crises lead to a global response for superpowers and emerging nations?
Conflicts, natural disasters, health
Free market capitalism approach
-Private ownership of property and businesses
-The right to make profits and accumulate wealth
-Buying and selling of goods and services in a competitive free market
Centrally planned economy approach
-Property and land owned by government
-Most businesses state owned, with wages determined centrally
-Profits taken by governments, which is used to provide public services
-Government controls prices and the supply of goods and services
Types of alliances
Military
Economic
Environmental
NATO
Member states agree that if one member is threatened, all the others will come to its aid
ANZUS Treaty
The mutual defence treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the USA, binds Pacific countries on military matters
Examples of economic alliances
EU, NAFTA, ASEAN
What is the benefit of alliances?
Increase interdependence and are important in geostrategy and global influence
World’s largest TNCs and global influence
The world’s largest TNCs originate from the World’s superpowers and TNCs bring influence to the countries they originate from
3 ways TNCs provide global influence
Global trade
Technology
Culture
How do TNCs influence global trade?
-Large increase in intra-company trade (between different branches)
-Rapid increases in exports from developing countries due to global shift
TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)
introduced by the WTO in 1995, enforced intellectual property rights by setting a requirement to register any new technology/processes under patent law
How do TRIPS favour TNCs?
TNCs invest in influential research and innovation and if anyone wanted to use the innovations, they need to pay royalties
Pantents by pharmaceutical companies
Makes new medicines unaffordable for poorer countries eg. ARV for HIV in Africa
How do TNCs influence culture?
Spreads international foods to supermarkets and chefs online cook international food
Cultural hegemony
A way in which people’s opinions can be changed without direct force with the values of the powerful accepted as common sense
Reinforced through education systems, religion, media, music, TV, films
Impacts of growing middle class on food
-Increased pressure on food supply as in emerging economies, there is a demand for new food types
-no new land so rising prices
The link between being a superpower and environmental degradation
Strong link as in order to grow the economy of a superpower, a vast number of resources are used, causing environmental degradation
However, once a country gains enough wealth, it reaches a turning point where it can invest money to the environment
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