The UN
‘An essential arbiter [decision maker] in world affairs in the modern world of globalisation’
what does the international monetary fund do?
fosters monetary coorporation
what does the world bank do?
fights poverty - low income countries LIC
what does the world trade organisation do?
generates rules of trade
what do the IMF and the WB promote?
neo-liberalism as an idea to economic growth and to protect hegemony
What are the IMF and the WBs objectives?
- support post-war reconstruction among developed countries
- loan money for large development projects in developing countries
What is a negative aspect of the WB and IMF?
Due to global interest rates rising, overall debt also increases, so many developing countries owed more than their original loans
Structural adjustment
IMF reorganised many countries loans to more affordable levels
Countries had to abide by conditions known as Structural Adjustment Programs SAPs, which include:
- opening up domestic markets
- reducing the role of the government
- removing restrictions of capital
- reducing government spending
- devaluing the currency
what have countries sacrificed as a result of structural adjustment?
their economic sovereignty
what did HIPC (highly indebted poor countries) aim to do?
reduce national debts by partially writing them off
How many countries did HIPC affect?
36
What problems did NGOs cause in relation to HIPC?
they wanted all debts to be written off
Which conditions did the UK have for attempting to help HIPCs have their debts written off?
- had to have good financial management and lack of corruption
- had to spend savings on poverty reduction, education and healthcare
Uganda and debt
- totalled $1.9 billion unable to be repaid
- benefited from debt write-offs
what debt write-offs did Uganda benefit from?
- government spending rose by 20%
- introduced free primary schooling
- enrollment rates increased to 93%
- only 2% difference in boys and girls in schools
trading blocs
- whether the individual states can merge depends on the political state within them
- centripetal forces like a common currency draw members together but requires trust
- sharing laws and ideology takes time
biggest environmental issues
- climate change
- deforestation
- pollution
Biomes are transboundary, which means…….
The wellbeing of the environment requires coorporation between all countries, which has lead to IGOs being formed
aim of Montreal Protocol on the depletion of stratospheric ozone
The role of IGOs in battling environmental problems
1987 treaty to phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances eg spray deodrant
strategies of Montreal Protocol on the depletion of stratospheric ozone
The role of IGOs in battling environmental problems
get support of 197 countries to ban the use of CFCs
evaluation of Montreal Protocol on the depletion of stratospheric ozone
The role of IGOs in battling environmental problems
By 2050, ozone levels will return to 1980, definable cause with evidence, substitutes eg wild deodrant
green
aim of the convention on international trade in endagered species CITES - ivory
The role of IGOs in battling environmental problems
stop trade of ivory
Strategies of the convention on international trade in endagered species CITES - ivory
The role of IGOs in battling environmental problems
tackle poaching by policing
