AP Psychology (Class) > Modules 42,43,44 > Flashcards

Modules 42,43,44 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A
  • Best at deciphering negative emotions

- Especially quick to note anger (evolutionary)

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2
Q

Experience Sensitizes Us

A

-Child victims of abuse are more likely to perceive anger emotions

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3
Q

Key Areas for Nonverbals

A
  • Eyes and Mouth

- Used to determine emotions

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4
Q

MicroExpressions

A
  • Brief, fleeting involuntary facial expressions
  • Studied by Paul Ekman
    • Emotional detection
    • How cultures express emotions
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5
Q

Duchenne Smile vs Feigned Smile

A
  • Feigned= fake

- Duchenne= under eye activation, real

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6
Q

Gender and Emotion Experiment

A
  • Is one gender more emotionally expressive than the other?
  • Show pictures of people in depress
  • Women= more likely to express overt concern
  • Same physiological arousal for both genders
  • Men= taught to suppress emotions
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7
Q

Gender and Emotions

A
  • Women react w/ greater emotion to self-generated thoughts/memories
    • Ruminate/dwell
  • In a hypothetical situation involved with friend betrayal
    • Men=anger and external (substance abuse)
    • Women= sadness and internal (depression)
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8
Q

Gender Interpretation

A
  • Women are better at reading nonverbals
    • Evolutionary, primary care givers for infants (need to know if something is wrong)
  • Women have greater “emotional literacy”
    • Varied vocabulary when talking about feelings
    • Men don’t talk about their feelings
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9
Q

Expectations in Gender Emotions

A
  • Women linked with overall emotionality

- Men specifically linked with anger

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10
Q

Universal Emotions

A
  • Facial expressions
  • Studied by Paul Ekman and Izard
    • Believed that there are universal emotions and facial emotions
  • Studied isolated tribes
  • Universal: Joy, anger, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt
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11
Q

Display rules

A
  • Culture specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate
  • Experiment: viewed graphic surgical footage in the presence and absence of an observer
    • Americans: Were visibly grossed out regardless of professor’s presence (Individualists)
    • Japanese: No reaction w/ professor, grossed out without professor (collectivist–> bad to show emotions)
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12
Q

The effects of facial expressions

A
  • When facial expressions are manipulated, like when furrowing brows, people feel more sad while looking at sad pictures
    • Facial Feedback
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13
Q

Behavioral Feedback

A
  • Sara Snodgrass: Posture and walking impacts mood, confidence
    • Good posture: people felt good
    • Bad posture: felt bad
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14
Q

Depression and Botox

A
  • When individuals with depression were given Botox, their facial muscles were in a smiling position
  • Felt happier/ improved depression
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15
Q

Stress

A
  • The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors
    • Appraise as threatening or challenging
    • Appraisal of event= stress experience (Lazarus)
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16
Q

Short-Lived Stress

A
  • When stress is short lived and seen as challenging:
  • Overcoming obstacles boosts self-esteem
  • Mobilizes immune system
  • Self-efficacy: confidence through competence
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17
Q

Long-Lasting Stres

A
  • Harmful
  • PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Elevated disease rates
    • Especially heart
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18
Q

Walter-Cannon

A
  • Stress Response system
  • Fight or flight
    • Stay and fight, mobilize resources OR
    • Avoid problem
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19
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • Activated by stress
  • Quick
  • Immediately mobilizes resources
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20
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Activated by stress
  • Slow
  • Builds up over time
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21
Q

Alternatives to Fight or Flight

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A
  • Withdrawal- freeze, save resources
    • Males tend to do so
  • Tending and Befriending
22
Q

Hans Selye

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A
  • Studies of animals’ reactions to various stressors, such as electric shock and surgery,
  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
23
Q

Amy Cuddy

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A
  • Studied behavioral feedback

- Power posing= effective

24
Q

Facial Feedback Effect

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A

-The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

25
Health Psychology
-A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
26
Tend and Befriend Response
- Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) - Shelley Taylor - May be due to oxytocin
27
Psychophysiological Illness
- Literally "mind-body" illness - Any stress-related physical illness - Hypertension or some headaches
28
Psychoneuroimmunology
-The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
29
Lymphocytes
-The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system
30
Coronary Heart Disease
- The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle | - Leading cause of death in many developing countries
31
Type A
-Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
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Type B
-Friedman and Roseman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
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Types of Stressors
- Catastrophes - Significant Life Changes - Daily Hassles
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Catastrophes
- Unpredictable large-scale events - Ex: wars, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and famines - Almost always appraised as threatening - Worse if family relocates
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Significant Life Changes
- Life transitions such as going to college/leaving home, getting married - Stressful even if a happy time - Often happen during young adulthood
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Daily Hassles
- Ex: rush-hour traffic, aggravating siblings - Can be shrugged off or added up--> health concerns - Heart concerns
37
GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome)
- When facing stressors, go through 3 phases - Body has a single stress response 1. Alarm reaction: all hands on deck 2. Resistance: face stressor head on 3. Exhaustion: Exhaust resources, no energy
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Type A and Type B Study
-9 yr study of 3000 men -classified into 2 categories: Type A and B -Results: -257 men suffered heart attacks -70% were Type A -no Type B's had heart attack Why? -Type A: blood diverted away from liver, cholesterol builds up (getting Type A's "combat ready")
39
Macrophage
- Identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells - "big eater"
40
Immune System Cells
- Lymphocytes (B and T) - Macrophages - Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
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B Lymphocytes
-Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
42
T Lymphocytes
-Form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
43
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
-pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)
44
AIDS
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Immune disorder caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Spread through bodily fluids - Stress and negative emotions speed the transition from HIV infection to AIDS in someone already infected - Stress predicts a faster decline in those with AIDS - Efforts to reduce stress help control the disease
45
Stress and Cancer
- Link between cancer and stress - Proved and disproved - Stress does not create cancer cells, but when stressed immune system is weakened - Can lead to cancer growth
46
Carcinogens
-Cancer producing substances
47
Stress and Heart Disease
- Stress= closely linked to coronary heart disease - Friedman and Rosenman experiment - Before deadline: good blood cholesterol and clotting - Close to deadline: Rose to dangerous levels - After deadline: normal levels again - Predicted heart-attack risks in these men - Led to Type A and B study - Type A's negative emotions--> heart disease - Depression= lethal - Persistent inflammation
48
Estrogen
- sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males - Contributing to female sex characteristics - In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
49
Testosterone
- The most important of the male sex hormones - Both males and females have it - Additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
50
Oxytocin
-A stress-moderating hormone associated with pair bonding in animals and released by cuddling, massage, and breast feeding in humans
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