Unit 1 and Unit 2

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

• means “looking inward”
• Teaches people to report elements of experiences (usually sensory)
  - Immediate sensations, feelings, images
• Unreliable because results vary from person to person, experience to experience, and it required smart, verbal people

Question 2

Freudian Psychology

Answer 2

• Created by Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)
• Emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

Question 3

Socrates & Plato

Answer 3

• Mind is separable from the body (continues on after body dies)
• Knowledge is innate (born within us)

Question 4

Aristotle

Answer 4

• Loved data and derived principles from logic

- Disagreed w/ Socrates and Plato: said knowledge isn’t preexisting and it grows from experience stored in our memories

Question 5

René Descartes

Answer 5

• Agreed with Plato & Socrates that knowledge is innate and the soul exists separately from the body
• Wondered how the immaterial mind and material body communicate
• Scientist and philosopher
• Said the fluid in the brain’s cavities contained “animal spirits”
  
  • Flowed from brain through what we now call nerves to muscles, provoking movement
  • Also flowed through open pores in the brain (how memories form)

Question 6

Francis Bacon

Answer 6

• Formed modern empiricism
• One of the founders of modern science (Influence lingers today)
• Fascinated with the human mind and its failings
• Stated that our beliefs are based off of when we see the belief fulfilled, but neglect its failures

Question 7

John Locke

Answer 7

• British political philosopher
• Wrote a 1 page paper which led to “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (hundreds of pages)
  
  • Mind at birth= tabula rasa (blank slate) on which experience writes
  • Helped form modern empiricism

Question 8

Early Schools of Psychology

Answer 8

• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Behaviorism

Question 9

Edward Bradford Titchener

Answer 9

• Student of Wundt
• Introduced Structuralism at Cornell University
• Aimed to discover the structural elements of the mind
  
  • Done w/ introspection

Question 10

Why do we use the Scientific method?

Answer 10

• To avoid bias
• To understand more
• Constant method: makes things easier to replicate & compare
• gives you the ability to collect data
• Allows for building upon experiments

Question 11

Types of Research Methods

Answer 11

• Case Study
• Correlational method
• Naturalistic observation
• Survey
• Experimentation

Question 12

Phineas Gage

Answer 12

• Ex of a case study
• Spike shot through his skull but didn’t die (could still function)
• Before, he was a calm, agreeable person
• Afterwards: quick to anger, alcoholic, major personality changes
• 1st time psychologists realized brain controlled behavior (not sure that this point)

Question 13

Overconfidence

Answer 13

• Being overly sure of an answer
• Humans tend to be more confident than correct
• Leads us to overestimate our intuition

Question 14

Perceiving Order of Random Events

Answer 14

• Humans are prone to perceive patterns because of our eagerness to make sense of the world
• Everything is equally likely or unlikely to happen
• Leads us to overestimate our intuition

Question 15

Curiousity

Answer 15

• A passion to explore and understand w/o misleading or being misled
• Psychologists use curious skepticism to approach the world of behavior
• Make modern science possible

Question 16

Skepticism

Answer 16

• Doubt as to the truth of something
• Psychologists use curious skepticism to approach the world of behavior
• Make modern science possible

Question 17

Humility

Answer 17

• An awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives
• Makes modern science possible

Question 18

Descriptive Methods

Answer 18

-Describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic oberservations

Question 19

Ethics of Experimentation

Answer 19

• Created by the APA:
  
  • Confidentiality: Don’t release your name of info
  • Debriefing
  • Informed consent
  • Limit Risk
  • Treat animals humanely

Question 20

Histogram

Answer 20

-A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Question 21

Collectivist Culture

Answer 21

-Emphasize group goals

Question 22

Individualist Culture

Answer 22

-Put priority on individual goals