AP Psychology (Class) > Therapy > Flashcards

Therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

Dual Approaches of Therapy

A
  • Psychotherapy
  • Biomedical Therapy
  • Usually used together
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2
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • Trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
    • people w/ people
    • W/ or w/out diagnosis
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3
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A
  • Prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on patient’s nervous system
    • Has diagnosis
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4
Q

Psychotherapy types

A
  • Eclectic approach
    • Psychoanalytic
    • Psychodynamic
    • Humanistic
    • Behavioral
    • Cognitive
    • Cognitive-Behavioral
  • All 1 on 1 or in groups
  • “Talk therapies”
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5
Q

Psychoanalysis Goals

A
  • FREUD
  • Bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness
    • Healthy living is possible when we let go of ID-ego-superego conflict
      • Reduce conflict
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6
Q

Methods of Psychoanalysis

A
  • Projective tests: TAT and Inkblots
    • Free association: what comes to mind automatically
      • Responses are interpreted, looking for moments of resistance
  • Hypnosis
  • Dream analysis: latent (hidden content) vs manifest (obvious content) of dreams
    • Latent reveals anxiety
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7
Q

Transference

A
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
    • Ex: love or hatred for a parent
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8
Q

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

A
  • Interpretations cannot be proven or disproven

- Rebuttal: It is a therapy, not a science

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9
Q

How Psychoanalysis is Used

A
  • Lengthy process: Several years of several sessions a week
  • Expensive: 3 times a week for 2 years: $30,000
  • France, Germany, Quebec, NYC
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10
Q

Goals of Psychodynamic

A

-Shed light on current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships

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11
Q

Humanistic goals

A

-Self-fulfillment boosting by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

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12
Q

Humanistic vs. Pyschodynamic

A
  • Similar: Insight therapies
    • Individual gains insight about self and improves
  • Differences:
    • Present and future (humanistic) vs. past (psychodynamic)
    • Conscious mind instead of unconscious
    • Immediate responsibility
    • Promotes growth, not curing illness
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13
Q

Client-Centered Therapy

A
  • Carl Rogers
  • Growth-promoting climate
    • Acceptance (Unconditional
    • Empathy
    • Genuineness
  • Non-directive therapy
  • Active listening
    • Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
      • Don’t add opinion
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14
Q

Goals of Behavioral Therapy

A
  • Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
  • BF Skinner
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15
Q

CounterConditioning

A
  • Behavioral Therapy
  • Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
  • Types: Exposure therapy, aversive conditioning
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16
Q

Wolpe

A
  • Created exposure therapies based off Mary Cover Jones’ ideas
  • Behavioral Therapy
  • Behavioral techniques that treat anxiety by exposing people (In imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
  • Ex: Virtual Reality exposure therapy, systematic desensitization
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17
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A
  • Behavioral Therapy (Type of Counterconditioning)
  • Associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
    • Treat nail biting, alcoholism
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18
Q

Behavioral Modification

A
  • Behavioral Therapy
  • Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement or undesired behaviors
    • Ex: Token Economy
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19
Q

Token Economy

A
  • People earn a token of same sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privilege or treats
    • Used in institutions, as well as at arcades (tickets or coins)
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20
Q

Cognitive Therapy Goals

A
  • Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
  • Based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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21
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A
  • Cognitive Therapy of psych disorders
  • Interval beliefs are super important
  • Person w/ depression interprets suggestions as criticism, disagreement as dislike
    • Ruminating on these thoughts sustain bad moods
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22
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

-An approach in psychology that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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23
Q

Ellis

A
  • Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
  • Type of cognitive therapy
  • Confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challengers people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
    • Point out absurdities in thinking
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24
Q

Beck

A
  • Beck’s therapy for depression
  • Type of cognitive therapy
  • Gentler than Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
  • Helps clients see catastrophizing beliefs through gentle questioning
    • CB: worst-case scenario
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25
Stress Inoculation Training
- Meichenbaum | - Teaching people to restructure thinking in stressful situations
26
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- Popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) w/ behavior therapy (changing behavior) - Study: People learn to prevent compulsive behaviors by relabeling obsessive thoughts - Instead of giving in to urge, they would spend 15 minutes doing an alternative, enjoyable activity
27
Group Therapy
- Saves therapist time and money - Often just as effective as individual - Clients discover: - Not alone in their problems - Offers social lab for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills - It provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving - Ex: Alcoholics Anonymous: 2 million members
28
Family Therapy
- Treat whole system instead of individual | - Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
29
Resistance
-In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
30
Interpretation
-In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
31
Insight Therapies
- A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses - Psychodynamic and Humanistic= examples
32
Unconditional Positive Regard
-A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
33
Systematic Desensitization
- A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli - Commonly used to treat phobias
34
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
-An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stipulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
35
Regression Toward the Mean
-The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
36
Meta-Analysis
-A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
37
Evidence-Based Practice
-Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
38
Therapeutic Alliance
-A bond of trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem
39
Resilence
-The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
40
Psychopharmacology
-The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
41
Antipsychotic Drug
- Drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder - Accidental discovery: calmed patients w/ psychoses - Ex: Chlorpromazine - Dampen response to irrelevant stimuli - Help patients w/ positive symps of schizo - Most mimic neurotransmitter dopamine structure to block its activity (doesn't trigger a response) - Side effects: - Sluggishness, tremors, twitches - Tardive dyskinesia: involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs
42
Antianxiety Drug
- Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation - Depress CNS= calming effect - Xanax, Ativan - Can cause physiological dependence - Cessation: heightened anxiety, insomnia, withdrawal symps - End of 20th century: rate of treatment for anxiety disorders near doubled - Patients receiving medication increased from 52-70% - Current standard= antidepressants
43
Antidepressant Drug
- Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PSTD - Increase availability of neurotransmitters - norepinephrine, serotonin - Ex: Prozac blocks reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapse - SSRIs: Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - Others block both norepinephrine and serotonin - Side effects: - Dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, dizzy spells - Delayed effect - Increased serotonin==> neurogenesis - Reverses stress-induced loss of neurons - Natural antidepressants= aerobic exercise - Risk of suicide= blown out of proportion
44
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient - 1938: 1st introduced - Wide awake, strapped to table, 100 volts of electricity - Today: general anesthetic, muscle relaxant (can have seizure) - Awake after 30 mins, remember nothing - No brain damage - Not sure why it works= like restarting computer - May spark neurogenesis - Reduces suicidal thoughts - 4/10 relapse w/in 6 months - Needs to be revisited, not one-time fix (last resort)
45
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- rTMS - The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain - Used to stimulate or suppress brain activity - No seizures, performed wide awake - Only penetrates to the brain's surface - Possibly energizes depressed patients' inactive left frontal lobe - Randomized clinical trials show mixed success
46
Psychosurgery
- Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior - Irreversible - Drastic, rarely used * *LAST EFFORT***
47
Lobotomy
- A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients - The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain - Separates limbic system and cortex - Intention: Disconnect emotion from thought - Effect: Decreased misery and tension, but produces lethargy, immature, uncreative person - At worst: people die, comatose
48
Client's Perceptions
- 89% fairly well satisfied | - 9/10 transition from poor/fair to very good/good
49
Why not to trust client's perceptions
- People enter therapy in crisis - Will improve regardless and regress back to the mean - Money, energy, time spent on therapy - Self-justification of expenditure - Hard to be critical of therapist if you like them as a client
50
Clinicians' perceptions
- Biased: Hear selective outcomes (success stories) | - Those who did not like therapy will not reach out, while those who did will reach out with their success
51
Longitudinal Study of Therapy
- McCord - 500 high-risk Mass boys (juvenile delinquents) - 1/2 randomly assigned to 5 year treatment program - 30 yrs later: - Experimental group: glowing testimonials, 66% no juvenile record - Control group: 70% had no record * *Shows there is no long-term effect, only short term effect
52
Outcome Research and Eysenck
- 2/3 receiving psychotherapy improved markedly, yet same improvement for those on the waiting list - Time= powerful healer - Randomized clinical trials are best - Randomly assign people to therapy or not - Assessed via meta-analysis - Average therapy patient fairs better than 80% of untreated individuals on waiting lists - Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve - Cost effective? Yes - Patients do not seek other medical answers when in therapy
53
Effectiveness of Different Therapies
- Stats cannot pinpoint one type as superior - Behavioral conditioning: good for specific behavioral problems (phobias, compulsions, marital problems) - Cognitive: depression, suicide - Most effective when problem is well defined - APA recommends evidence-based practice
54
Drug Therapies
- Most widely used biomedical treatment - 1950s: advances in psychopharmacology - Effectiveness assessed with double-blind procedures
55
Atypical Antipsychotics
- For those w/ negative symps of schizo - Ex: Clozapin - Target dopamine and serotonin receptors - Newer drugs have fewer conventional side effects - Increase risk of obesity and diabetes - Hopeful about effectiveness of stimulates glutamate receptors
56
Mood stabilizing medications
- Lithium (salt) can help bipolar disorder - Discovered by John Cade by accident - Helps 7/10 people w/ bipolar disorder - Risk of suicide in 1/6 of those not taking lithium - Not sure why this works
57
Therapeutic Life-style change
- Mind and body= connected - Stephen Ilardi and colleagues hold seminars promoting this - Humans were designed for physical activity and social engagement - Those whose way of life is about strenuous physical activity, strong community ties, sunlight exposure, plenty of sleep= rarely experience depression - Not designed for sedentary. disengaged, socially isolated, poorly nourished, sleep deprived pace of American life
58
Ilardi's Solution
- 12 week program - Aerobic exercise - Adequate sleep - Light exposure - Social connection - Nutritional supplements - Anti-rummination * *77% experience releif from depression, compared w/ 19% in normal-treatment conditions
59
Evaluating Alternative Therapies
- National survey: 57% anxiety attacks, 54% those w/ a history of depression use alternative treatments - Ex: herbal medicine, massage, spiritual healing - No evidence for or against most of them - Ex: Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Light Exposure Therapy
60
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
- Mixed feelings - Developed by Francine Shapiro - People imagine traumatic scenes while eye movements are triggered - Enables the unlocking and reprocessing of previously stored memories - Does it work? - single trauma victims - 4 studies, 84-100% said yes - Treatment only takes 90 mins - Treats non-military PSTD - Why does it work? - Eye movements relax and distract patients - Memory-associated emotions extinguish - Rebuttel: other movements produce therapeutic results
61
Light Exposure Therapy
- Combats major depressive disorder - Timed daily dose of intense light - Study: Seasonal-pattern depression individuals w/ 90 mins of bright light, or negative ion generator (Placebo) - 4 wks: 61% improved (Morning light), 50% improved (evening light), 30% improved placebo * Morning bright light does dim depression symps, as effective as taking antidepressants or cognitive-behavior therapy - Sparks activity in brain region that influences body arousal and hormones
62
Mary Cover Jones
- Peter= scared of rabbits - Replace Peter's fear with something incompatible to fear - Peter eats a snack while furry animals enter room, doesn't notice - w/in two months, Peter touches the animals without being scared - Relaxed state cannot coexist w/ fear
63
Albert Ellis
- Advocated for Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy - No one and nothing is supreme - Self-gratification= good - Harmful consequences of unequivocal love, commitment, service, fidelity to any interpersonal commitment
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