Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

• A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

- Anything that drives you to a behavior

Question 2

Why do people engage in a behavior?

Answer 2

1. Instinct
2. Drive Reduction
3. Optimum Arousal
4. Hierarchy of Needs

Question 3

Instinct

Answer 3

• A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
  
  • Darwinian
  • Outlived it’s usefulness
  • Does not really explain human behavior

Question 4

Drive Reduction

Answer 4

• Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy a need
• Ex: need for food, water–> drive (hunger, thirst)–> drive-reducing (eating, drinking)

Question 5

Incentives

Answer 5

• Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
• How we are pushed by our psychological needs and pulled by incentives in the environment
  
  • Grocery shopping when hungry–> buying more food

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

• physiological aim of drive reduction
• tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
• Regulation of any aspect of body chemistry

Question 7

Optimum Arousal

Answer 7

• People are motivated to reach an optimal state of alertness or stimulation
  
  • More than homeostatic systems

Question 8

Hierarchy of Needs Levels

Answer 8

1. Physiological–> food water
2. Safety–> shelter, financial security
3. Belongingness and love–> finding people with whom you love
4. Esteem–> achievement (recognized for contributions)
5. Self-actualization–> fulfilling full potential “true purpose”

Question 9

Maslow

Answer 9

• Hierarchy of Needs
• How we prioritize our needs/motivations
  
  • Dictates what type of behavior we engage in and when
  • Lower levels need to be met before higher levels
  • Progress in stages

Question 10

Minnesota Starvation Experiment

Answer 10

• Ancel Keys
• Empirical (scientific) study of hunger
• Prep for end of WWII
  
  • Guide efforts to help victims of famine in Europe and Asia
• 36 volunteers (conscientious objectors)
• Went through 6 week period of semi-starvation
• Resulted in preoccupation w/ food, loss of interest in other things
• *Shows Maslow’s hierarchy

Question 11

Stomach contractions

Answer 11

-Stomach contractions (Pangs) send signals to the brain, making us aware of our hunger

Question 12

Washburn and Cannon

Answer 12

• Swallowed a balloon that measured stomach contractions
• Pressed a key each time he felt hungry
• Pangs overlapped with feeling of hunger

Question 13

Follow-Up on Washburn’s Experiment

Answer 13

• Stomach contractions occur at other times
• Removal of stomach doesn’t remove the hunger drive
• Tsang: removed a rat’s stomach, connected it to the esophagus for the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry and ate food

Question 14

Hypothalamus

Answer 14

• Best psychological basis for hunger (creates hunger drives)
• Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines
  
  • Send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain
    
    • Realtime feedback of blood chemistry
      
      • Effected by what we eat

Question 15

Lateral Hypothalamus

Answer 15

• Sides of hypothalamus
• Stimulation causes anger
  
  • Drop in glucose triggers release of orexin
    
    • Hunger creating hormone

Question 16

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Answer 16

• Lower/middle hypothalamus

- Stimulation causes satiety–> satisfaction/fullness

Question 17

Hypothalamus and Hormones

Answer 17

-The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that are released hunger

Question 18

Hormones

Answer 18

• Orexin increase–> hypothalamus–> increases hunger
• Ghrelin increase–> Stomach–> increase hunger
• Insulin increase–> pancreas–> increase hunger
• Leptin increase–> fat cells–> decrease hunger
• PPY increase–> digestive tract–> decrease hunger

Question 19

Set Point

Answer 19

• How our body regulates hunger and weight
• Point at which our body feels comfortable (shapewise) –rate of metabolism
• Manipulating the lateral and the Ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat”
  
  • Heredity influences the set point and body type
• Weight lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decrease
• Weight gained= opposite

Question 20

Psychology of Hunger

Answer 20

• Memory plays an important role in hunger
• Due to difficulty w/ retention, amnesia patients eat frequently when given food
• Eat due to: time of day or place where u usually eat increases hunger, tastes can lead to feeling full or satisfied –> food less yummy at end of meal (sensory adaptation)

Question 21

Taste Preference

Answer 21

• Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hungry but what we are hungry for
  
  • Taste preference are influenced by culture
    
    • What we have been grown up eating
• Ex: hot cultures like hot spices

Question 22

Obesity and Weight Control

Answer 22

• Fat is an ideal form of stored energy and is readily available if needed
• In times of famine, an overweight body was a sign of affluence

Question 23

Unit Bias

Answer 23

• Idea of what a serving size in
• Portions in USA: different from other areas of world
  
  • Larger meals

Question 24

Obesity

Answer 24

• Determined by fat% of BMI (body mass index, measured by weight and height)
• Obesity increases the risk for health issues
  
  • Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, back problems

Question 25

World Health Organization

Answer 25

- Estimates 1 billion people= overweight - 300 million= clinically obese (BMI 30 or more) - 34% of USA= obese - Childhood obesity is increasing

Question 26

Body Mass Index

Answer 26

- Obesity in children increases their risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer - Shortens life expectancy - Physical fitness isn't determined by BMI and vice versa

Question 27

Obesity and Mortality

Answer 27

- The death rate is high among very overweight men - Where someone carries their weight is important - Apple shape (stomach)= negative effects - Pear shape (hips, thighs)= less negative effects

Question 28

Social Effects on Obesity

Answer 28

- Weight discrimination - When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire them (rated negative way) - Less acceptable for women to be overweight, than men

Question 29

Regina Pingitore

Answer 29

- Pretend to apply for jobs - Went as themselves, healthy weight and actors overweight - How would this effect hire-ability - Much less worthy of being hired - Weight has an effect on pay (7,000 less)

Question 30

Additional obesity effects

Answer 30

- Increased rates of depression | - Decreased wellbeing and little satisfaction

Question 31

Physiology of Obesity

Answer 31

- Fat cells: 30-40 billion fat cells in body - Cells increase size (2-3 times normal size) and # (75 billion) in obese individuals - Fat cells never go away, but can shrink in size

Question 32

Set Point and Metabolism

Answer 32

- When reduced from 3,500 calories to 450 calories, weight loss was a minimal 6% and metabolic rate was a mere 15% - Obese defend their weight by converting energy - Body is used to being at certain weight and burning certain amount of calories

Question 33

The Genetic Factor of Weight

Answer 33

- Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a genetic basis - Closer to same weight than fraternal twins - Obese mice have a defective gene for housing Leptin - Regular weight mice shed 40% of weight when injected with Leptin

Question 34

Activity

Answer 34

- Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity | - Watching TV for 2 hours--> 23% weight increase when other factors are controlled

Question 35

Social Facilitation

Answer 35

- Social setting, perform better on well learned tasks | - Eat more

Question 36

Sleep and Weight Correlation

Answer 36

- When sleep increases, weight decreases (and vice versa) | - Negative correlation

Question 37

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 37

-The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which performance decreases

Question 38

Glucose

Answer 38

- The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues - When level is low, feel hungry

Question 39

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 39

-The body's resting rate of energy expenditure