Motor Learning

Question 1

Motor learning

Answer 1

the study of the acquisition or modification of movement

Question 2

Adams closed loop theory

Answer 2

the first attempt at the creation of a comprehensive motor learning theory with the premise of sensory feedback as an ongoing process for the nervous system to compare current movement with stored information on memory of past movement; high emphasis on the concept of practice

Question 3

Schmidt’s schema theory

Answer 3

construct relies on open loop control processes and a motor program concept; promotes clinical value of feedback and importance of variation with practice

Question 4

Three stage of model of motor learning

Answer 4

cognitive stage
associate stage
autonomous stage

Question 5

cognitive stage

Answer 5

• initial stage
• high concentration of conscious processing of information
• person will acquire information regarding the goal of the controlled environment is ideal for learning during this stage and participation is a must `1

Question 6

characteristics of cognitive stage

Answer 6

• large amount of errors
• inconsistent attempts
• repetition of effort allows for improvement in strategies
• inconsistent performance
• high degree of cognitive work; listening, observing and processing feedback

Question 7

Associative stage

Answer 7

• intermediate stage of learning
• person is able to independently distinguish correct versus incorrect performance
• links the feedback that has been received with the movement that has been performed and the ultimate goal
• the person can progress to a less structured or more open environment
• avoid excessive external feedback

Question 8

characteristics of associative stage

Answer 8

• decreased errors with new skill performance
• decreased need for concentration and cognition regarding the activity
• skill refinement
• increased coordination of movement
• large amount of practice yields refinement of the motor program surrounding the activity

Question 9

Autonomous stage

Answer 9

• final stage
• where a person improves the efficiency of the activity without a great need for cognitive control
• can perform the task with interference from a variable environment

Question 10

characteristics of autonomous stage

Answer 10

• automatic response
• mainly error-free regardless of environment
• patterns of movement are non-cognitive and automatic
• distraction does not impact the activity
• the person can simultaneously perform more than one task if needed
• extrinsic feedback should be very limited or should not be provided
• internal feedback or self assessment should be dominant

Question 11

intrinsic (inherent) feedback

Answer 11

• feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems

- visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory

Question 12

extrinsic (augmented) feedback

Answer 12

• represents the info that can be provided while a task or movement is in progress or subsequent to the movement
• verbal feedback or manual contact

Question 13

knowledge of results

Answer 13

• feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movements goals

Question 14

knowledge of performance

Answer 14

• feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement

Question 15

practice

Answer 15

• physical: allows for direct physical experience and kinesthetic stimulation to assist with acquisition of the skill
• mental: allows cognitive rehearsal of a task or experience without any physical movement

Question 16

massed practice

Answer 16

practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials

Question 17

distributed practice

Answer 17

rest time between trials is equal to or is greater than the amount of practice time

Question 18

constant practice

Answer 18

practice under uniform conditions

Question 19

variable practice

Answer 19

practice under differing conditions

Question 20

random practice

Answer 20

varying practice of different tasks

Question 21

blocked practice

Answer 21

consistent practice of a single task

Question 22

whole training

Answer 22

practice of an entire task

Question 23

part training

Answer 23

practice of an individual component