Nephrology

Question 1

Who should be screened for Chronic Renal Failure?

Answer 1

Diabetics, HTN, FHx kidney disease, high-risk ethnicities.

Question 2

What is the screening test for Chronic Renal Failure?

Answer 2

Serum creatinine + urine ACR.

Question 3

When should a patient be referred for Chronic Renal Failure?

Answer 3

GFR <60.

Question 4

What are the key complications of Chronic Renal Failure?

Answer 4

Anemia, hypocalcemia, 2° hyperPTH, HTN, CHF, azotemia, hyperkalemia, edema.

Question 5

What are the causes of transient proteinuria?

Answer 5

Exercise, fever, CHF, infection, seizures, orthostatic.

Question 6

What is the significance of orthostatic proteinuria?

Answer 6

Benign, occurs only when upright.

Question 7

What are the major systemic causes of proteinuria?

Answer 7

SLE, diabetes, amyloidosis, Wegener’s, HSP.

Question 8

What drugs can cause proteinuria?

Answer 8

NSAIDs, Lithium, Captopril, Rifampin, Gold.

Question 9

What is the classic tetrad of Nephrotic Syndrome?

Answer 9

Proteinuria >3.5 g/d, hypoalbuminuria, edema, hyperlipidemia ± lipiduria.

Question 10

What are the causes of Nephrotic Syndrome?

Answer 10

Minimal change (kids), DM, amyloid, SLE, FSGS (HIV, obesity), membranous nephropathy.

Question 11

What are the key findings in Nephritic Syndrome?

Answer 11

Hematuria, RBC casts, HTN, mild proteinuria (<3.5), azotemia.

Question 12

What are the key findings in Nephrotic Syndrome?

Answer 12

Heavy proteinuria, lipiduria, edema, hypoalbumin, hypercoagulable state.

Question 13

What are the normal values for pH, HCO₃, and PCO₂?

Answer 13

7.35–7.45 / 24 / 40.

Question 14

What is the metabolic vs respiratory rule?

Answer 14

Metabolic → pH and HCO₃ same direction; Respiratory → opposite.

Question 15

What are common causes of AG metabolic acidosis?

Answer 15

MUDPILES (Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde, Iron/INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicylates).

Question 16

What are the causes of non-AG acidosis?

Answer 16

Diarrhea, RTA.

Question 17

What are the clinical clues for Renal Artery Stenosis?

Answer 17

Resistant HTN, new HTN >55y, rise in Cr after ACE/ARB, asym kidney size, diffuse atherosclerosis.

Question 18

What are the best investigations for Renal Artery Stenosis?

Answer 18

Doppler U/S, MRA, CTA.

Question 19

What is the prognosis and treatment for Renal Artery Stenosis?

Answer 19

Progressive like atherosclerosis → stent, revascularization, or medical.