Name the three layers of the meninges.
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
What occupies the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Which glial cell maintains the blood–brain barrier?
Astrocytes.
What type of haemorrhage is venous and develops slowly?
Subdural haematoma.
CSF is produced by which structure?
Choroid plexus (ependymal cells).
How much CSF is produced per day?
Approximately 500 ml/day.
How much CSF can the brain contain at once?
About 150 ml.
Name one major function of CSF.
Shock absorption.
Name two substances that cross the BBB easily.
Alcohol and anaesthetics.
How does glucose cross the BBB?
Active transport.
List four major parts of the brain.
Brainstem, diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebellum.
Name the three parts of the brainstem.
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain.
Two functions of the medulla oblongata?
Regulates breathing and heart rate.
Damage to the substantia nigra is linked to?
Parkinson’s disease.
Main function of the thalamus?
Sensory relay centre.
Three functions of the hypothalamus?
Homeostasis, ANS control, hormone regulation.
What does the cerebellum coordinate?
Smooth, coordinated movement.
What fibres cross in the medulla?
Corticospinal tracts.
A stroke causing right-sided weakness affects which hemisphere?
Left hemisphere.
Name the four cerebral lobes.
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.
What does the sensory cortex do?
Receives and maps sensory input.
What does the motor cortex control?
Voluntary movement.
Two structures of the limbic system?
Amygdala and hippocampus.
Role of the hippocampus?
Memory encoding.
