1
Q
What is sexual reproduction?
A
Production of new offspring via meiosis and fertilisation.
2
Q
Which type of cell division produces gametes?
A
Meiosis.
3
Q
How many chromosomes are in human gametes?
A
23 (haploid).
4
Q
What is a zygote?
A
A fertilised egg containing 46 chromosomes.
5
Q
List two main functions of the female reproductive system.
A
Formation of ova; reception of sperm; maintain pregnancy/foetus; parturition; lactation.
6
Q
List two main functions of the male reproductive system.
A
Production of spermatozoa; transmission of sperm to the female.
7
Q
What are gametes?
A
Haploid sex cells (sperm or ova).
8
Q
Which female organ is responsible for parturition?
A
The uterus (myometrial contractions).
9
Q
Which hormone stimulates milk production?
A
Prolactin.
10
Q
Which hormone stimulates milk ejection?
A
Oxytocin.
11
Q
What type of gland is the mammary gland?
A
A modified sweat gland (mammary gland).
12
Q
Approximately how many lobes are in each mammary gland?
A
15–20 lobes.
13
Q
What are the grape-like clusters of glands in the breast called?
A
Alveoli.
14
Q
What supports the breast between the skin and fascia?
A
Suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments.
15
Q
What stimulates milk synthesis after birth?
A
Prolactin.
16
Q
What stimulus promotes oxytocin release for milk ejection?
A
Suckling (neuroendocrine reflex).
17
Q
Where can milk be stored before ejection?
A
Lactiferous sinuses.
18
Q
Which cells contract to propel milk into ducts?
A
Myoepithelial cells.
19
Q
Name the three layers of the uterine wall.
A
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium.
20
Q
Which uterine layer sloughs during menstruation?
A
Stratum functionalis of the endometrium.
21
Q
Which uterine layer regenerates the functionalis?
A
Stratum basalis.
22
Q
What is the outer layer of the uterus called?
A
Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum).
23
Q
Which part of the uterus leads into the vagina?
A
The cervix.
24
Q
Name two ligaments that support the uterus.
A
Broad ligament; round/ovarian ligaments (supporting ligaments).
25
What is the size and shape of the uterus?
About the size and shape of an inverted pear.
26
Where is the uterus located relative to the bladder and rectum?
Between bladder (anterior) and rectum (posterior).
27
What is the placenta’s main function?
Exchange of nutrients/wastes between mother and foetus; endocrine support of pregnancy.
28
How long is the umbilical cord?
Approximately 50–60 cm.
29
Which maternal layer does the placenta develop from?
Endometrium (maternal part).
30
Which substances can cross the placenta and cause birth defects?
Alcohol and many drugs; some infections (e.g., HIV, measles, polio).
31
Which cells cannot cross the placenta?
Blood cells.
32
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
33
Which hormone promotes breast and myometrium growth?
Oestrogen.
34
Which hormone is linked to morning sickness?
hCG.
35
Which placental hormone raises maternal blood glucose?
Human placental lactogen (hPL).
36
Which hormone relaxes ligaments in pregnancy?
Relaxin.
37
Which placental hormone helps prevent foetal/placental rejection?
Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
38
What is placenta praevia?
Placenta attaches low in the uterus, potentially covering the cervical os.
39
What is placenta accreta?
Abnormally deep placental attachment into the myometrium (increta/percreta are deeper).
40
What is placental abruption?
Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall with bleeding.
41
What are monozygotic twins?
Identical twins from one fertilised ovum (single zygote).
42
What are dizygotic twins?
Non-identical twins from two ova fertilised by two sperm.
43
Do identical twins share a placenta?
Often share one placenta (monochorionic).
44
What are the fimbriae?
Finger-like projections that sweep the ovum into the fallopian tube.
45
Which epithelium lines the fallopian tubes?
Ciliated columnar epithelium.
46
What processes move ova along the fallopian tubes?
Ciliary action and smooth muscle peristalsis.
47
What hormone triggers ovulation?
A surge in luteinising hormone (LH).
48
What structure remains after ovulation and produces progesterone?
Corpus luteum.
49
What does the corpus luteum become if fertilisation does not occur?
Corpus albicans.
50
Which hormone prevents corpus luteum degradation if fertilisation occurs?
hCG.
51
When does oogenesis begin?
In the foetus (pre-natal).
52
How many primary oocytes exist at birth?
About 2 million.
53
What is a primordial follicle?
A primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells.
54
Approximately how many follicles mature and ovulate in a lifetime?
About 400.
55
Which hormone stimulates follicle maturation?
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone).
56
Which hormone surge causes ovulation?
LH surge.
57
How long does final follicle maturation take?
About 14 days (pre-ovulatory phase).
58
What structure produces progesterone after ovulation?
Corpus luteum.
59
What happens to the corpus luteum if no fertilisation occurs?
It degenerates into the corpus albicans and hormones fall.
60
What happens to the zygote after fertilisation?
It implants into the endometrium and develops (embryo → foetus at 8 weeks).
61
What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?
Approximately 28 days (range 24–35).
62
Name the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Menstrual, pre-ovulatory, ovulation, post-ovulatory (luteal).
63
Which hormone stimulates follicle development in the ovary?
FSH.
64
Which hormone thickens the endometrium pre-ovulation?
Oestrogen.
65
Which hormone is dominant in the luteal phase?
Progesterone.
66
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?
It regresses to corpus albicans; progesterone/oestrogen drop; menses begins.
67
What is the effect of inhibin?
Inhibits FSH secretion to limit additional follicle development.
68
At what stage is progesterone highest?
Post-ovulatory (luteal) phase.
69
Which hormone is detected by ovulation kits?
LH.
70
What happens to progesterone levels just before menstruation?
They fall sharply, triggering menses.
71
What marks the onset of female puberty?
Pulses of LH and FSH triggered by GnRH.
72
What is menarche?
The first menstrual period.
73
At what age does menopause typically occur?
Around 45–55 years.
74
What is menopause?
Permanent cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months.
75
Which hormone levels are elevated after menopause?
FSH and LH (due to loss of negative feedback).
76
Name two common symptoms of menopause.
Hot flushes; vaginal dryness; mood changes; sleep disturbance (any two).
77
Which bone disease is linked to reduced oestrogen?
Osteoporosis (reduced osteoblast activity).
78
Which therapy increases breast and endometrial cancer risk?
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
79
Give one natural approach to support menopause.
Phytoestrogen-rich diet, exercise, stress reduction, specific herbs (e.g., black cohosh).
80
Which hormone pulses trigger puberty?
GnRH pulses (driving LH/FSH release).
81
A 25-year-old woman has severe lower abdominal pain mid-cycle. Likely cause?
Mittelschmerz (ovulation pain).
82
A 30-year-old woman has amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, and high prolactin. Cause?
Prolactinoma (pituitary tumour).
83
A 45-year-old woman has heavy, prolonged menstrual bleeding. Term for this?
Menorrhagia.
84
Painful menstruation with normal anatomy is most likely what?
Primary dysmenorrhoea.
85
Pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and infertility in a 32-year-old woman. Likely condition?
Endometriosis.
86
Irregular cycles, hirsutism, acne, and elevated androgens. Diagnosis?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
87
Second-trimester painless vaginal bleeding. Likely cause?
Placenta praevia.
88
Painful vaginal bleeding with abdominal tenderness in pregnancy. Likely cause?
Placental abruption.
89
Primary amenorrhoea, no uterus, normal secondary sexual characteristics. Condition?
Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome.
90
Hot flushes, insomnia, and irregular menses. Stage of life?
Perimenopause.
91
Burning urination and suprapubic pain in a 26-year-old woman. Likely condition?
Urinary tract infection (often cystitis).
92
A 40-year-old man has enlarged, tender breasts. Condition name?
Gynaecomastia.
93
A 55-year-old man has weak urinary stream and nocturia. Likely diagnosis?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
94
Painful swollen scrotum after mumps infection. Likely diagnosis?
Orchitis.
95
A 35-year-old man has a painless unilateral testicular lump. Suspect?
Testicular cancer until proven otherwise.
96
Infertile male with low sperm count on semen analysis. Possible hormonal deficit?
Low FSH (and/or pituitary dysfunction).
97
Postmenopausal woman with vaginal dryness and recurrent UTIs. Hormonal cause?
Low oestrogen levels causing urogenital atrophy.
98
Lower abdominal pain and fever one week postpartum. Likely condition?
Postpartum endometritis.
99
Pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, and fever after untreated STI. Likely condition?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).
100
Irregular bleeding with positive pregnancy test and pelvic pain. Likely condition?
Ectopic pregnancy.
Biomed 2
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