1
Q
Name the four main components of the urinary system.
A
Two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, one urethra.
2
Q
List three functions of the urinary system.
A
Excretion, water/electrolyte balance, pH regulation.
3
Q
Which nitrogenous waste is a metabolite of protein metabolism?
A
Urea.
4
Q
Which nitrogenous waste is a product of purine metabolism?
A
Uric acid.
5
Q
Which waste product results from muscle metabolism?
A
Creatinine.
6
Q
What is the minimum urine volume needed daily to clear waste?
A
500 ml/day.
7
Q
Which electrolytes are most tightly regulated by the kidneys?
A
Sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions.
8
Q
What is the normal blood pH range?
A
7.35–7.45.
9
Q
Name the two main systems controlling blood pH.
A
Lungs and kidneys.
10
Q
What hormone is the active form of vitamin D?
A
Calcitriol.
11
Q
What is the role of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis?
A
Increases calcium/magnesium absorption, reduces calcium loss in kidneys.
12
Q
What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?
A
Erythropoietin.
13
Q
Where is erythropoietin primarily secreted?
A
Kidney interstitial cells.
14
Q
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
A
9 mmol/L.
15
Q
What is the normal blood glucose range?
A
4–7 mmol/L.
16
Q
Which enzyme released by the kidney regulates blood pressure?
A
Renin.
17
Q
At which vertebral levels are the kidneys located?
A
T11–L3.
18
Q
Which kidney is lower and why?
A
Right kidney, due to liver.
19
Q
Name the three protective layers around the kidney.
A
Renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia.
20
Q
Which part of the kidney contains the renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules?
A
Renal cortex.
21
Q
What is the apex of a renal pyramid called?
A
Renal papilla.
22
Q
Define the renal hilum.
A
Concave border where vessels, nerves, and ureters enter/exit.
23
Q
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A
Nephron.
24
Q
Name the two structures forming the renal corpuscle.
A
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
25
What are the three sections of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.
26
What hormone increases water reabsorption at the distal tubule?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
27
How long is the female urethra?
4 cm.
28
How long is the male urethra?
20 cm.
29
What is the triangular region in the bladder floor called?
Trigone.
30
What smooth muscle makes up the bladder wall?
Detrusor muscle.
31
Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary.
32
What is the average adult GFR?
125 ml/min (males), 105 ml/min (females).
33
What term describes albumin leakage into urine?
Albuminuria.
34
What percentage of glomerular filtrate is normally reabsorbed?
About 99%.
35
Which three basic processes form urine?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.
36
What hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption?
Aldosterone.
37
Which hormone suppresses aldosterone and ADH?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
38
Which hormone increases calcium reabsorption in the kidney?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
39
What triggers ADH release?
Increased blood osmotic pressure.
40
At what bladder volume does the urge to urinate occur?
200–400 ml.
41
What is the average daily urine volume?
1–2 L.
42
What is the normal urine pH range?
4.5–8 (average 6).
43
Which test measures kidney function through blood markers like urea and creatinine?
GFR test.
44
What is dysuria?
Painful urination.
45
What is oliguria?
Urine output <400 ml/day.
46
What is anuria?
No urine output.
47
What is proteinuria?
Protein in urine.
48
What is haematuria?
Blood in urine.
49
What is polyuria?
Excessive urine output.
50
Which bacteria most commonly causes cystitis?
E. coli.
51
Patient with frothy urine and oedema – what does this suggest?
Proteinuria due to glomerular disease.
52
Glucose in urine with normal blood glucose – what could this indicate?
Low renal threshold or kidney pathology.
53
Renal failure patient with anaemia – why?
Reduced erythropoietin production.
54
Diabetic patient with glucose in urine – what does this indicate?
Hyperglycaemia above renal threshold.
55
Child with oedema 2 weeks after sore throat – likely pathology?
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
56
Flank pain, fever, foul urine – diagnosis?
Pyelonephritis.
57
Woman with dysuria, frequency, nitrites – diagnosis?
Urinary tract infection (cystitis).
58
Man with enlarged prostate and recurrent bladder infections – why?
Urine stasis/obstruction.
59
Dehydrated patient with severe loin-to-groin pain – diagnosis?
Renal calculi (kidney stones).
60
Oedema, frothy urine, hypoalbuminaemia – syndrome?
Nephrotic syndrome.
61
Diabetic with microalbuminuria – what does this indicate?
Early diabetic nephropathy.
62
Gout patient with kidney stones – likely type?
Uric acid stones.
63
NSAID user with proteinuria and oedema – possible condition?
Nephrotic syndrome.
64
Patient with low BP releases which enzyme?
Renin.
65
High BP with elevated renin – which pathway activated?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
66
Heart failure patient with oedema – mechanism?
Reduced renal perfusion → RAAS activation → fluid retention.
67
Elderly woman with confusion, fever, nitrites in urine – diagnosis?
Urinary tract infection (urosepsis risk).
68
Pregnant woman with fever, flank pain, haematuria – likely condition?
Pyelonephritis.
69
Young adult with frothy urine, low albumin, oedema – diagnosis?
Nephrotic syndrome.
70
Patient with flank pain and haematuria but no infection – likely cause?
Kidney stone.
71
Child with cloudy urine and hypertension – possible pathology?
Glomerulonephritis.
72
Man with painful urination, nocturia, enlarged prostate – likely pathology?
Prostatic obstruction causing urinary retention.
73
Dipstick shows leukocytes, nitrites, bacteria – what does this indicate?
Urinary tract infection.
74
Blood test shows high urea and creatinine – what does this suggest?
Reduced kidney function/renal failure.
75
Urinalysis shows ketones – what condition might this indicate?
Diabetic ketoacidosis or ketone diet.
76
Urine with elevated urobilinogen – possible pathology?
Liver disease.
77
Patient with hypertension, oedema, proteinuria – possible cause?
Chronic kidney disease.
78
Renal patient with severe anaemia – underlying mechanism?
Low erythropoietin production.
79
Fever, loin pain, positive urine culture for E. coli – condition?
Pyelonephritis.
80
Proteinuria + oedema + high cholesterol – classic triad of?
Nephrotic syndrome.
81
Patient develops oedema after glomerulonephritis – why?
Protein loss → reduced plasma oncotic pressure.
82
Patient with nocturia, frequency, urgency – common cause in elderly men?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia.
83
Kidney pathology with frothy urine and facial swelling – diagnosis?
Nephrotic syndrome.
84
Patient with oliguria and high creatinine after shock – pathology?
Acute renal failure.
85
Woman with recurrent UTIs after menopause – contributing factor?
Thinning of urethral/vaginal mucosa.
86
Child with blood in urine after tonsillitis – possible diagnosis?
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
87
Diabetic with oedema, proteinuria, high BP – likely complication?
Diabetic nephropathy.
88
Urine positive for blood but no infection – possible cause?
Kidney stones or tumour.
89
Dialysis patient with hypotension after session – why?
Excess fluid removed during dialysis.
90
Patient with enlarged kidneys and hypertension – possible inherited cause?
Polycystic kidney disease.
91
Severe flank pain, waves of ureteric colic – diagnosis?
Renal calculi migration.
92
Patient with pallor, oedema, frothy urine – what syndrome?
Nephrotic syndrome.
93
High BP, oedema, haematuria, proteinuria – likely disease?
Glomerulonephritis.
94
Patient with polyuria, polydipsia, glycosuria – underlying cause?
Diabetes mellitus.
95
Urinalysis shows casts – what does this indicate?
Nephron disease.
96
Renal patient develops itchy skin, fatigue, pallor – likely cause?
Uraemia and anaemia.
97
Urinary obstruction with hydronephrosis – long-term risk?
Chronic renal failure.
98
Patient with hypertension due to renal artery stenosis – mechanism?
Increased renin release → RAAS activation.
99
Chronic pyelonephritis can lead to what complication?
Chronic kidney disease/renal failure.
100
Patient with renal failure on dialysis develops peritonitis – likely cause?
Infection at catheter site (peritoneal dialysis).
101
Man with haematuria and flank mass – likely diagnosis?
Renal cell carcinoma.
102
Urine dipstick: protein, nitrites, leukocytes – likely condition?
Urinary tract infection with proteinuria.
103
Patient with renal colic and oxalate crystals – cause?
Calcium oxalate kidney stones.
104
What pathology is suggested by oedema, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidaemia?
Nephrotic syndrome.
105
What kidney pathology often follows untreated diabetes mellitus?
Diabetic nephropathy.
Biomed 2
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