od

Question 1

od

Answer 1

Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output.

Question 2

od [OPTIONS]

-A

–endian={big | little}

• j
• N
• S BYTES

Answer 2

-A, –address-radix=RADIX, Output format for file offsets; RADIX is one of [doxn], for Decimal, Octal, Hex, or None.

–endian={big | little}, Swap input bytes according to the specified order.

• j, –skip-bytes=BYTES, Skip BYTES input bytes first.
• N, –read-bytes=BYTES, Limit dump to BYTES input bytes.
• S BYTES, –strings [=BYTES], Output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars; 3 is implied when BYTES is not specified.

Question 3

od [OPTIONS]

• t
• v
• w[BYTES]

–traditional

Answer 3

• t, –format=TYPE, Select output format or formats.
• v, –output-duplicates, Do not use * to mark line suppression.
• w[BYTES], –width[=BYTES], Output BYTES bytes per output line; 32 is implied when BYTES is not specified.

–traditional, Accept arguments in the following form:

od –traditional [OPTION]… [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]]

Question 4

od [Traditional format]

• a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit
• b same as -t o1, select octal bytes
• c same as -t c, select printable characters or backslash escapes
• d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units
• f same as -t fF, select floats
• i same as -t dI, select decimal ints
• l same as -t dL, select decimal longs
• o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units
• s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units
• x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units

Answer 4

od [TYPE]

a named character, ignoring high-order bit

c printable character or backslash escape

d[SIZE]
signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer

f[SIZE]
floating point, SIZE bytes per float

o[SIZE]
octal, SIZE bytes per integer

u[SIZE]
unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer

x[SIZE]
hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer

Question 5

od [BYTES]

BYTES is hex with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix:
b 512

KB 1000

K 1024

MB 1000*1000

M 1024*1024

and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

Answer 5

EXAMPLES
od -A x -t x1z -v
Display hexdump format output

od -A o -t oS -w16
The default output format used by od