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Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order starting from cell?

A

cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or the body, controlled by enzymes

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3
Q

What are 3 examples of metabolism?

A

Respiration
Photosynthesis
Glucose conversion

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4
Q

What enzyme is used to break down starch?
Where is it made?

A

Amylase into maltose
Salivary glands, Pancreas and small intestine

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5
Q

What enzyme is used to break down proteins?
Where is it made?

A

Protease into amino acids
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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6
Q

What enzyme is used to break down lipids?
Where is it made?

A

Lipase into glycerol and fatty acids
Pancreas and small intestine

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7
Q

What enzyme is used to break down fat?
Where is it made and stored?

A

Bile
Made - liver
Stored - gall bladder

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8
Q

What are the steps for the effect of Ph on amylase practical?

A
  1. Put amylase, starch and buffer solution into a beaker and heat on a Bunsen burner.
  2. Put them in in a spotting tile then add iodine solution.
  3. Mixture sampled every 30 seconds.
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9
Q

What is used to test for sugar?
What is done differently in the practical compared to the others?
What are the colour changes?

A

Benedict solution
Heat benedict solution in a water bath
Blue to red ( most concentrated)

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10
Q

What is used to test for starch?
What are the colour changes?

A

Iodine
Browny - orange to blue- black

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11
Q

What is used to test for proteins?
What are the colour changes?

A

Biuret
Blue to purple

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12
Q

What is used to test for lipids?
What are the colour changes?

A

Sudan III solution
Red to cloudy with the top layer being red

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13
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Active site must fit substrate for enzyme to work.

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14
Q

How does the active site become denatured?

A

Increase temp and Ph

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15
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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16
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrase into simple sugars

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17
Q

What is bile?
What does this do?

A

It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also turns fat into small droplets which increases the surface area.

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18
Q

What does a larger surface area and alkaline conditions of small droplets do?

A

Increase the rate of fat breakdown by bile

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19
Q

What do arteries do?
What is the structure?

A

Take blood away from heart
Small lumen and thick wall

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20
Q

What do veins do?
What is the structure?

A

Carry blood back to the heart.
Large lumen and elastic fibres and smooth muscle wall

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21
Q

What do capillaries do?
What is the structure?

A

Exchange materials at tissues. Provide food and oxygen and take away waste products like carbon dioxide.
Thin lumen
One cell thick wall

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22
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A

A group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.

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23
Q

What are pacemakers?

A

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.

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24
Q

How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
4 adaptations

A

Massive surface area
Extremely thin walls
Rich capillary network
Large blood supply

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25
What do white blood cells do? How are they adapted?
Fight against infection from pathogens. Change shape
26
What do platelets do? How are they adapted?
Form blood clots to prevent blood loss through our skin. They have receptors
27
What does plasma do? How is it adapted?
Transports urea, hormones, proteins and glucose around our body. Carries antibodies
28
What are three ways to treat cardiovascular disease?
Stents Statins Heart transplant
29
What do statins do?
Lower cholesterol in blood. Lower production of this in the liver.
30
What are 4 side effects of statins?
Headaches Memory loss Link with type 2 diabetes Liver damage
31
What could statins help to prevent?
Alzheimer's disease
32
What are 3 positives of using stents?
Long term solution Don't lead to an immune response in the patient. Operation is safe - no surgery
33
What are 3 negatives to using stents?
Other risk factors depend on: Age General health Whether they had a heart attack
34
What are 4 negatives to a heart transplant?
Waiting list - shortage of donor hearts in UK Major strain on the body Rejection Possible infection from using immunosuppressant drugs which prevent rejection.
35
What are artificial hearts used for?
To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.
36
What is health?
The state of physical and mental well-being.
37
What are 4 causes of ill health?
Communicable disease - spread Non -communicable disease Stress Diet
38
What can viruses living in the cells do?
Trigger cancer
39
What can immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen do?
Trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
40
What are 4 human costs of non-communicable disease?
Premature mortality Disability Reduced quality of life Burden on caregivers
41
What are 4 financial costs of non-communicable disease?
Global economic burden Individual and household strain Healthcare system strain Reduced productivity
42
What are 4 possible risks of drinking and smoking during pregnancy?
Significantly increase risks of: Miscarriage Stillbirth Premature birth Low birthweight
43
What are 3 potential long-term effects of smoking and drinking during pregnancy?
Lifelong physical, cognitive, and behavioural disabilities Fetal alcohol syndrome Higher risks of SIDS
44
What does cancer do to cells?
The result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
45
What is a Benign tumour?
Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.
46
What are Malignant tumour cells?
Cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
47
What are 6 lifestyle risk factors for cancer?
Tobacco use Unhealthy diet Physical inactivity Obesity Excessive alcohol consumption Sun exposure
48
How are epidermal tissues adapted? What is their function?
Has a waxy cuticle to decrease water loss via transpiration. Transparent so photosynthesis can still occur.
49
How are palisade mesophyll adapted for its function?
Packed with chloroplasts to absorb light efficiently and carry out photosynthesis.
50
How are spongy mesophyll adapted for it's function?
Covered by a thin layer of water. Gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the cells. Carbon dioxide in and Oxygen out Contains many air spaces
51
How are xylem adapted for it's function?
Made up of dead cells which form a continuous hollow tube - allows the movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.
52
How are phloem adapted for it's function?
Made of living cells that are supported by companion cells. Form tubes which allow sugars and amino acids to flow easily through.
53
Where are meristem found?
Growing tips and roots of plants.
54
How are meristem adapted to their function?
Made up of stem cells. Performing mitosis to create new cells, which then differentiate into specialized tissues (xylem, phloem) or form new organs
55
What do guard cells do?
Surround stomata and control gas exchange.
56
What does the stomata do?
Control water loss and gas exchange by opening and closing
57
How are root hair cells adapted for their function?
Having a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption of mineral ions and water. Active transport
58
How does changing temp, humidity, air movement and light intensity effect the rate of transpiration?
Increases with higher temperature Higher light intensity Faster air movement But decreases with higher humidity
59
What roots, stems and plants form?
A plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant.
60
What is transpiration?
The evaporation of water from the surface of mesophyll cells into leaf air spaces, followed by the diffusion of water vapour out of the leaves through open stomata
61
What is translocation?
The transport of dissolved sugars and amino acids, produced by photosynthesis, through the phloem tissue of plants
62
How sub-cellular structures in plant cells help to move dissolved sugars into the ploem cell?
Plant cells contain mitochondria for respiration which release energy needed to move sugars against the concentration gradient by active transport.
63
What 2 substances strengthen the xylem tissue?
Cellulose Lignin
64
Why do results of sweet bread test vary? 3 reasons.
Taste is subjective Investigation not repeated by the same student Amount of amylase produced is variable
65
How are changes in the mean width of the stomata in normal condition an advantage for the plant?
Stomata close at night because there is not sunlight for photosynthesis which reduces water loss. Stomata opens wide at midday as maximum light intensity for photosynthesis also to take in more carbon dioxide.
66
The mean width is higher in low atmospheric co2, how does this help the plant to survive?
Stomata are open wider for longer to take in more carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
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