Session 9

Question 1

Explain the origins of the India/Pakistan rivalry

Parition British role

Answer 1

British India
- post 7 years conflict
- British created rigid identities
- divide and rule power plays
- abouth 20/30k people controlling 400m

Question 2

1947

Answer 2

• started partition
• British couldnt afford to administer country anymore
• facing growing discontentment and aspirations of growing independence
• Muslim-majority Pakistan and a Hindu-majority India

Question 3

Border of Parition

Answer 3

• idea led by Lord Mountbatten (accepted in June 1947)
• “Radcliffe line”
• hurried withdrawl and poorly defined Radcliffe line worsened tensions

Question 4

Impacts of Radcliffe Line

Answer 4

• mass migrations for those that didnt live in their majority
• estimated 200,000 / 2m deaths

Question 5

Kashmir

Answer 5

• northern
• 500 princely states intergrated either into India or Pakistan
• Kashmir remained independent
• Tribesmen from Pakistan invaded -> Hindu King of Kashmir signed Instrument of Accesssion to the Indian Union for military assistance

Question 6

Instrument of Accesssion to the Indian Union

Answer 6

• India sees this as legal and final act, making Kashmir an intergral part of India
• India argues that Pakistan violated terms of partition by using force to seize territory
• Pakistan sees Kashimr as logical part of their part, as it has a Muslim-majority population
  -> maharaja accession is illegitimate, claiming it was made under duress and without popular consent
  -> Kashmir is a natural part of the nation, linked by geography, religion and culture

Question 7

2 Kasmir wars

Answer 7

1947 First Kashmir war
1965 Second Indo-Pak war

Question 8

post 1948 war

Answer 8

UN ceasefire -> each country administered seperate portions of Kashmir

Question 9

1947 Kashmir gov affirmation

Answer 9

it is a “constituent unit of the Union of India”
-> rejected by Pakistan

Question 10

Bangladesh

Answer 10

• west vs east pakistan
• west wealthier
• different languages
• east: people openely killed by government
  > India aided: Pakistan accuses India of weaking Pakistan (faking humanitarian reasons to interfere)

Question 11

1971 Bangladesh

Answer 11

war
- West president refused the leader of East Pakistan-based political party assume the premiership (he won majority of seats in elections)
- East Pakistan won (backing of India)

-> independent country of Bangladesh

Question 12

1972

Answer 12

Simla agreement
- signed by founder of Pakistan Peoples Party and India PM
- Line of Control: neither side is to seek to alter unilaterally
- created Bangladesh

Question 13

Nuclear power India

Answer 13

1974
- 180 nuclear warheads
- land-based, sea-based, air-launch nuclear capabilities
- declared no first use policy: since 2019 rethinking policy

Question 14

Nuclear power Pakistan

Answer 14

1998
- 170 warheads
- continues to gradually expand and modernise nuclear arsenal
- little public information (gov. never publicy said size of arsenal)
- tactical nuclear weapons as a country to Indias larger and superior conventional forces

Question 15

nuclear power effects on tensions

Answer 15

intensifies rivalry on a more dangerous level

Question 16

Explain the origins of the India/Pakistan rivalry

Answer 16

1. Parition
2. Kashmir
3. Bangladesh
4. Nuclear Power

Question 17

Bandung Conference

Answer 17

• 1955
• 29 governments of Asian and African nations (representing over half the worlds population)

Question 18

Goals of Bandung Conference

Answer 18

• promote Asian-African solidarity & peaceful coexistence
• oppose colonalism in all forms (West and Soviet)
• reduce cold war tensions by encouraging neutrality between US and USSR
• support national independence and noninterference in domestic affairs

Question 19

10 point declaration/Bandungs principles

Answer 19

• incooporated principles of UN charter
• based on Nehrus (prime minister India) 5 principles
  1. mutual respect
  2. nonagression
  3. non interference
  4. equality
  5. peaceful coexistence
• adopted unanimously

Question 20

significance of Bandung Conference

Answer 20

• unified 3rd world under shared anticolonial and HR ideals
• laid groundwork for NAM
• first cross-continental meeting of Asian, African and ME states without Western powers

Question 21

NAM

Answer 21

• Non Aligned Movement
• 1961 (under leadership of Yugoslavia, Egypt, India, Ghana and Indonesia)
• currently 120 member states

Question 22

conditions for membership of NAM

Answer 22

• cannot be part of a multilateral military alliance (eg. NATO)
• If a country enters a military pact (e.g., for weapons, bases, defense cooperation) with the US or USSR, and the purpose or effect of that agreement is to support one side in a global power rivalry, then that country is no longer truly non-aligned (it has effectively taken a side)

Question 23

NAM aim

Answer 23

• nonalignment doesnt mean that the state has to be passive or neutral in international politics
  aim is to give a voice to developing countries to encourage their united actions in world affairs

Question 24

political aspects of NAM

Answer 24

• no formal constitution or permanent secreteriat
• all members have equal weight within organisation
• movements positions are reached by consensus

Question 25

challenges of NAM in 21. century

Answer 25

- reasses identity and purpose in the post-Cold War era - continued to advocate for interntational cooperation, multilateralism, national self determination - increasingly vocal against the unfair treatment of the world economic order

Question 26

Global south concept history

Answer 26

- willy-brandt drew line through world map (Brandt Line 1980) - indicating large gap in GDP per capita between two parts of the world - historical and structural inequalities between rich and poor regions in the world (emerged from colonialism and imperialism)

Question 27

Concept of global south

Answer 27

modern framework used to describe countries that are generally less wealthy, industrialised, historically disavantaged in the global system BUT not strictly geographical - many southern countries (like Australia) are part of Global North and some northern countries (like India) Global South

Question 28

areas of countries found within "global south"

Answer 28

- latin america - africa - ME - parts of asia and oceania

Question 29

similarities with concept of GS

Answer 29

- opposition to colonialism -> emphasis on self determination - skeptisim of great power dominance -> desire of a fairer global order - politics that foreground a shared experience among formerly colonised states / South cooperation - economic, cultural and technical cooperation -> adressing global inequalities - NAM provided the multilateral platform for countries of the Global South to build solidarity, overcome individual powerlessness and level the tilted playing field laid out against them

Question 30

differences with concept of GS

Answer 30

1. World order basis - B/NAM: empasis on coming together against great power dominance - GS: expression of perceived exclusion from, and rejection of, enduring hierarchies in world politics 2. Organisation - B/NAM: formal political movement - GS: analytical concept 3. Members - B/NAM: primarily newly independent states - GS: broader groupings, including emerging powers like China and Brazil 4. Timeframe - B/NAM: Cold war era (1950s/1980s) - GS: post-cold war and current era (new rise in GS concept)