TESTTTTT

Question 1

Fallopian tubes

Answer 1

Tubes that carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus and are also a site for fetilisation

Question 2

Vagina

Answer 2

A muscular canal that receives sperm, releases menstrual flow and acts as the canal for birth

Question 3

LH on males and females

Answer 3

LH is a gonadotropic hormone that is produced by the stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland.

In females, it targets the ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum

• Helps finalise the development of ovarian follicles
• helps with ovulation
• stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum

In males, it targets the interstitial cells (leydig) of the testes.

• It helps with the secretion of testosterone which helps with the production of gametes, maintenance of the reproductive system/organs and enhances sex drive.

Question 4

Fertilisation to implantation

Answer 4

Fertilisation occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg (ovum) within the fallopian tubes, this fertilised structure is called a zygote.

The zygote undergoes cleavage, a number of mitotic divisions, until it forms a ball of cells called the morula. Within 4-5 days the morula will turn into a blastocyst, consisting of an inner cell mass known as the embryoblast that will soon develop into an embryo and the outer cell mass known as the trophoblast that will form into parts of the placenta.

Within 6-7 days, the trophoblast cells will invade the lining of the uterine wall (endometrium) and will establish the connection with the maternal blood, providing nutrients, gas exchange and hormones that will help with the early stages of pregnancy.

Successful contractions of the uterine lining will anchor/secure the embryoblast in place, this establishes the start/commencement of embryonic development and pregnancy. Fertilisation is the development, while implantation is known for securing the embryo to the uterine lining for further growth and development.

Question 5

Functions of the placenta

Answer 5

1. Excretory - Transports nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid, ammonia and creatine from the foetal blood to the mother’s blood supply for excretion by the mother’s kidneys.
2. Immune - Transports antibodies from the mother into the foetal blood supply so that the foetus has immunity to some infectious diseases.
3. Nutrition - Transports nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from the maternal blood to the foetal blood; stores some essential nutrients early in pregnancy that releases them during when the demand is greater.
4. Respiratory - Transports oxygen from the mother to the foetus, and carbon- dioxide from the foetus to the mother
5. Endocrine - Secretes a number of hormones necessary for maintaining pregnancy such as HCG, Progesterone and Oestrogen.

Question 6

Stage 1 of labour (Cervical Dilation)

Answer 6

• Cervic effaces (shortens) and dilates to 10cm.
• Oxytocin from the post pituitary stimulates rythmic contractions of the myometrium.
• Contractions start mild and irregular, soon to become stronger, more regular and closer together,
• Foetus moves deeper into the mothers pevis and the birth canal forms

Question 7

Stage 2 of labour (delivering foetus)

Answer 7

• Amniotic cavity burst and amnionic fluid is released.
• Mother pushes in coordination with uterine contractions,
• Baby travels down the birth canal, manoeuvres its head to pass through safely, and crowning occurs.
• Baby is delivered usually mins to 2 hrs

Question 8

Stage 3 of labour (after birth delivery)

Answer 8

• Placenta and membranes (afterbirth) are expelled.
• Uterus continues contracting to prevent blood loss
• Umbilical cord is clamped and cut; synthetic oxytocin may be given to assist uterine contractions.

Question 9

Why doesn’t the endometrium lining degenerate?

Answer 9

• The corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone after ovulation, progesterone maintains the endometrium lining, keeping it thick and vascular.
• If fertilisation and implantation occur, the developing embryo secretes HCG, HCG signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone, preventing it degeneration.
• Without hormonal support, the endometrium would break down, but progesterone stabilises it, allowing implantation and pregnancy to continue.

Question 10

Foramen Ovale

Answer 10

A small hole between the RA and LA of the foetal heart, allows blood to bypass the lungs by moving directly through the RA to LA as foetal lungs are collapsed and blood is oxygenated.

closes soon after birth as the baby takes its firsts breaths because pressure in the left atrium rises.

Question 11

Ductus arteriosus

Answer 11

A short blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Diverts blood away from the lungs by sending most of the right ventricle output directly into the aorta

Closes after a few days as o2 levels rise..l levels are sensed…

Question 12

Ductus venosus

Answer 12

A blood vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.

Directs oxygenated blood from the placenta straight to the heart instead of going to the liver.

Closes once umbilical cord is cut, vessel shrivels and stops functioning.

Question 13

Oestrogen

Answer 13

Secreted by developing follicles

Stimulated thickening of endometrium in the uterus, prep for implantation

Exerts negative feed back on FSH to stop other follicles from developing

just before ovulation high oestrogen levels trigger a positive feedback - surge in LH

Question 14

Progesterone

Answer 14

Secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation

maintained thickening of the endometrium

sends negative feedback to prevent anther follicle from maturing in the same cycel