Topic 14

Question 1

According to Edward Anthony (1963) what are the three levels of conceptualization and organization in language teaching?

Answer 1

Approach, method and technique.

Question 2

In Edward Anthony’s model, what’s an “approach”?

Answer 2

A set of correlative assumptions that deal with the nature of language and its teaching, formed by a theory of language and a theory of language learning.

Question 3

In Edward Anthony’s model a _____ is a global plan for the presentation of language material based on an approach.

Answer 3

Method

Question 4

What level in Edward Anthony’s model is implementational and relates to what really occurs in the classroom?

Answer 4

Technique.

Question 5

How did Richards and Rodgers (1986) revise and extend Edward Anthony’s model?

Answer 5

They kept ‘Approach’, replaced ‘Method’ with ‘Design’, and renamed ‘Technique’ to ‘Procedures’.

Question 6

In Richards and Rodgers’ model, what is determined at the ‘Design’ level?

Answer 6

Objectives, syllabus, content, and the roles of the teacher, learners, and materials.

Question 7

According to Richards and Rodgers, a method is theoretically related to an approach, organizationally determined by a design, and practically realised in a _____.

Answer 7

Procedure

Question 8

Which view of language presents it as a system of structurally related elements for coding meaning, targeting mastery of phonological, grammatical, and lexical units?

Answer 8

The structural view

Question 9

The Audio-lingual method, Total Physical Response, and the Silent Way are examples embodying which view of language?

Answer 9

The structural view.

Question 10

Which view of language presents it as a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning?

Answer 10

The functional view.

Question 11

The _____ view regards language as a vehicle for realizing interpersonal relations and performing social transactions between individuals.

Answer 11

Interactional

Question 12

What are the two aspects that a learning theory underlying an approach must take into account?

Answer 12

Learning processes (psycholinguistic and cognitive) and learning conditions (the optimal environment).

Question 13

Process-oriented theories of language learning build on processes such as habit formation, induction, inference, and _____.

Answer 13

Hypothesis testing

Question 14

Theories that emphasize the nature of the human and physical environment in which language learning takes place are known as what?

Answer 14

Condition-oriented theories.

Question 15

What is the key difference between product-oriented and process-oriented objectives in language teaching design?

Answer 15

Product-oriented objectives are expressed in linguistic terms while process-oriented objectives are defined by learning behaviors.

Question 16

How does syllabus sequencing typically differ between traditional grammar-based courses and communicative courses?

Answer 16

Traditional courses sequence items by difficulty whereas communicative courses sequence them based on students’ communicative needs.

Question 17

Communicative Language Teaching advocates for the use of tasks that involve an _____ similar to real-life communication.

Answer 17

Information gap

Question 18

Which language teaching method viewed learners as a stimulus-response-reinforcement mechanism whose learning resulted from repetitive practice?

Answer 18

Audiolingualism.

Question 19

In a communicative approach, materials focus on the communicative abilities of interpretation, expression, and _____.

Answer 19

Negotiation

Question 20

According to the source, the main characteristic of the Spanish Foreign Languages curriculum is its _____, within a communicative framework.

Answer 20

Adaptability

Question 21

Communicative Language Teaching draws on whose criticism of structural theories of language, which didn’t account for creativity and uniqueness of sentences?

Answer 21

Noam Chomsky.

Question 22

What document, created in 2001 by the Council of Europe, describes the competences necessary for communication in a comprehensive manner?

Answer 22

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).

Question 23

What is the primary aim of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)?

Answer 23

To make communicative competence the goal of language teaching.

Question 24

Who argued that Chomsky’s concept of ‘competence’ missed the ‘rules of use’ in language?

Answer 24

Dell Hymes.

Question 25

What concept did Dell Hymes introduce to replace Chomsky's notion of 'competence'?

Answer 25

Communicative competence.

Question 26

In Hymes's model of communicative competence what does 'Appropriacy' refer to?

Answer 26

Knowing what language is appropriate in a given situation.

Question 27

In Hymes's model knowing how often something is said in a language and acting accordingly is referred to as _____.

Answer 27

Occurrence

Question 28

Canale and Swain (1980) argued that communicative competence consists of grammatical competence plus what other type of competence?

Answer 28

Sociolinguistic competence.

Question 29

What are the four components of communicative competence according to Canale (1983)?

Answer 29

Grammatical, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, and Strategic competence.

Question 30

Which component of Canale's communicative competence includes grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling?

Answer 30

Grammatical competence.

Question 31

The knowledge of sociocultural rules of language and discourse falls under which component of Canale's model?

Answer 31

Sociolinguistic competence.

Question 32

Which component of Canale's model refers to shaping language and communicating purposefully in different genres using cohesion and coherence?

Answer 32

Discourse competence.

Question 33

The ability to enhance communication effectiveness and compensate for breakdowns in communication is known as what?

Answer 33

Strategic competence.

Question 34

The _____ principle establishes that activities involving real communication promote learning.

Answer 34

Communication

Question 35

Which principle states that using language to carry out meaningful tasks promotes learning?

Answer 35

The task principle.

Question 36

The principle that language which is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process is called the _____ principle.

Answer 36

Meaningfulness

Question 37

Brumfit's model for a communicative syllabus is favored because it has a _____ core around which notions, functions, and activities are grouped.

Answer 37

Grammatical

Question 38

Most communicative techniques are based on what principle, where one student has information another needs to complete an activity?

Answer 38

The information gap principle.

Question 39

Littlewood (1981) distinguishes between functional communication activities and what other type of activities?

Answer 39

Social interaction activities.

Question 40

According to Harmer (1993) what are two of the five key characteristics that communicative activities share?

Answer 40

A desire to communicate, a communicative purpose, variety of language, no teacher intervention, no materials control (any two).

Question 41

What type of oral communicative activity requires students to agree with each other after a discussion?

Answer 41

Reaching a consensus.

Question 42

What is the name for an activity type that uses the information gap principle and adds the jigsaw principle where students pool partial information?

Answer 42

Story construction.

Question 43

Activities like 'Reaching a consensus' are successful in promoting the free and _____ use of English.

Answer 43

Spontaneous

Question 44

Which activities intend to show students real-life situations in the classroom?

Answer 44

Simulation and role play.

Question 45

What is the goal of 'fluency writing' activities as described by Harmer?

Answer 45

To get pupils to write as much as possible in a definite period of time improving both quantity and quality over time.

Question 46

What are the two main functions of a teacher in Communicative Language Teaching?

Answer 46

To facilitate the communication process and to be a participant within the learning-teaching group.

Question 47

What is the main role of the learner in Communicative Language Teaching?

Answer 47

The learner is a negotiator who communicates through cognitive and social interaction.

Question 48

What is the primary role of materials in Communicative Language Teaching?

Answer 48

To promote communicative language use.

Question 49

What are the four types of materials distinguished in the text for CLT?

Answer 49

Text-based materials, task-based materials, realia, and digital materials.

Question 50

The procedural stages of a traditional CLT lesson rely on the three Ps. What do they stand for?

Answer 50

Presentation, Practice and Production

Question 51

What are the six procedural stages of the Task-Based Approach?

Answer 51

Pre-task, task, planning, report, analysis, and practice.