What is the plasma membrane?
Bilayer of lipids that controls what enters and exits the cell
What is passive transport?
Transport that does not require added energy and results in movement down a concentration gradient
Define diffusion.
Movement of a substance from high to low concentration
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water
What is filtration in the context of cell transport?
Movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure
What is the result of filtration?
Responsible for urine formation
What is active transport?
Transport that moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy (ATP)
Give examples of ion pumps.
- Sodium-potassium pump
- Calcium pump
What is phagocytosis?
A protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria
What is pinocytosis?
Used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells
What characterizes cystic fibrosis?
Abnormally thick secretions in the airways and digestive ducts due to improper chloride ion transport
What is cholera?
A bacterial infection that causes chloride ions and water to leak from the cells lining the intestine
What happens during cystic fibrosis regarding chloride transport?
Patients lack a chloride channel, leading to thick mucus accumulation and pathogen accumulation
What is the cytoplasm?
Specialized semi-fluid living material within the cell containing cytoskeletal proteins and organelles
What is the function of ribosomes?
Reads the genetic code (RNA) to make new proteins
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Where ribosomes are bound; makes and packages protein for cellular activities
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?
Manufactures fats, carbohydrates, and proteins for cell membrane
What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?
Finishes protein production/packaging and sends the new proteins to various locations throughout the cell
List the three main proteins of the cytoskeleton.
- Actin
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
What is the function of mitochondria?
Powerplant of the cell; makes ATP
What do lysosomes contain?
Enzymes used to digest large molecules (including bacteria)
What role do centrioles play?
Function in cell reproduction/division
What are cilia?
Hairlike extensions on the surface of some cells that can move in a wave-like motion
What are flagella?
Tails of sperm cells; the only example in humans
