list the main ideas of the cell theory
- All living things are made of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
give functions to the characteristics of the fluid-mosaic membrane model of the plasma membrane like: phospholipids, carrier and channel proteins, and cholesterol
phospholipids: forms a bilayer; hydrophilic heads face water, hydrophobic tails face inward — creating a semi-permeable barrier
carrier&channel: help transport substances across the membrane — channels for passive transport, carriers for active transport
cholesterol: stabilizes membrane fluidity — prevents it from becoming too rigid or too fluid
identify phospholipids, carrier and channel proteins, and cholesterol
a flexible dynamic structure where proteins float in or on a fluid lipid bilayer, like a mosaic. it describes how membranes are organized and function
identity and give functions for the following: cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, the nucleus
cytoplasm: jelly-like fluid where organelles are suspended; site of many cellular reactions
cytoskeleton: provides structure, shape, and helps with cell movement and transport
nucleus: controls cell activities; contains DNA
identity and give functions for the following: nucleous, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum
nucleous: found inside nucleus; makes ribosomes
ribosomes: makes proteins
endoplasmic reticulum: rough - has ribosomes; makes and transports proteins. smooth - makes lipids and detoxifies
identity and give functions for the following: golgi apparatus vacuoles, lysosomes
golgi apparatus: modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids
vacuoles: store water, nutrients, and waste (large in plants cells)
lysosomes: break down waste and old cell parts (contains digestive enzymes)
identity and give functions for the following: centrioles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall
centrioles: help organize cell division (found in animal cells)
mitochondria: powerhouse; site of cellular respiration, makes ATP
chloroplasts: site photosynthesis in plant cells; contain chloroplhyll
cell wall: rigid outer layer in plant cells; provides structure and protection
compare and contrast plant, fungal, and animal cells (PLANT)
plant cells:
cell wall - yes (cellulose), chloroplasts - yes, vacuoles - large central vacuole, shape - regular, and rectangular, energy storage - starch, nucleus - yes, multicellular - yes
compare and contrast plant, fungal, and animal cells (FUNGAL)
fungal cells:
cell wall - yes (chitin), chloroplasts - no, vacuoles - small (sometimes), shape - variable, energy storage - glycogen, nucleus - yes, multicellular - yes
compare and contrast plant, fungal, and animal cells (ANIMAL)
animal cells:
cell wall - no, chloroplasts - no, vacuoles - small (if present), shape - irregular, and roundish, energy storage - glycogen, nucleus - yes, multicellular - yes
compare and contrast prokaryote and eukaryote cells
prokaryote: a simple cell without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
eukaryote: a simple cell with the nucleus and membrane bound organelles
similarities: DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
describe the processes of diffusion
diffusion: when particles (gases) spread out from where they are crowded (high concentration) to where there are fewer of them (low concentration). this happens naturally, without the cell using energy.
describe the processes of osmosis
osmosis: a type of diffusion, but it only involves water. Water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a place with more water (less solute) to a place with less water (more solute). The goal is to balance water levels on both sides of the membrane.
compare and contrast, active and felicitated transport
similarities: both use protein carriers in the membrane and both move molecules that cannot pass freely through the membrane
differences: active transport requires energy (ATP) and move substances against the concentration gradient (low->high). felicitated transport does not require energy (passive) and moves substances down the concentration gradient (high->low)
State five ways materials can enter an exit the cell (ENTER)
enter:
-diffusion - molecules move from high to low concentration
-osmosis - water moves through a semi-permeable membrane
-felicitated diffusion - molecules used protein channels to pass in
-active transport - energy used to move molecules against the gradient
-endocytosis - cell engulfs, large particles or liquid liquids
State five ways materials can enter an exit the cell (EXIT)
exit:
-diffusion - molecules move from high to low concentration
-felicitated diffusion - molecules exit through cell channels
-active transport - energy used to move substances out against gradient
-exocytosis - vesicles fuse with membrane to release large particles
-osmosis - water can move out through a semi-permeable membrane
explain the overall photosynthesis reaction stating products, reactants, and location
photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy
define cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells breakdown, glucose (or other food molecules) in the presence of oxygen to release energy (ATP)
compare and contrast, fermentation and aerobic respiration
aerobic respiration: requires oxygen, produces 36-38 ATP per glucose, and carbon dioxide and water
fermentation: occurs without oxygen, produces only 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid (animals), or alcohol and CO2 (yeast)
similarities: both start with glucose as a fuel source, produces ATP, involves glycolysis
describe the process within the Endomembrane system
The Endomembrane system is a group of organelles that work together to synthesize, modified, package, and transport, proteins and lipids in the cell
compare and contrast the end products of meiosis and mitosis, match each to sexual or asexual reproduction (MITOSIS)
mitosis: produces 2 identical daughter cells. Each cell is diploid (same number of chromosomes as the parent). used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. cells are genetically identical.
mitosis -> asexual reproduction
compare and contrast the end products of meiosis and mitosis, match each to sexual or asexual reproduction (MEIOSIS)
meiosis: produces 4 non-identical daughter cells. Each cell is haploid (half the number of chromosomes). Used for sexual reproduction (makes gametes sperm and egg). Cells are genetically different.
meiosis -> sexual reproduction
