I1. Describe similarities between algae and plants
- Cell walls made of cellulose
- Reproduce sexually & asexually
- Many show alternation of generations
I2. Compare alternation of generations in algae, mosses, and ferns (which form gametophyte/sporophyte is dominant in each of these?)
Algae: varies (haploid or diploid dominant)
Mosses: gametophyte dominant
Ferns: sporophyte dominant
I3. Describe features of mosses that have enabled adaptation to a land environment
- Rhizoids (anchoring)
- waxy cuticle (reduce water loss)
- stomata (gas exchange)
- protected embryos
- wind-dispersed spores.
I4. Briefly describe the importance of vascular tissue in plants, give the role of phloem vs xylem
- Xylem: transports water/minerals + provides support
- Phloem: transports sugars
- Overall: allows taller growth & long-distance transport of nutrients
I5. Describe features of ferns that have enabled adaptation to a land environment
- True roots
- vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
- spores.
I6. Explain how gymnosperms (conifers and ginkgos) are adapted for survival in a land environment with respect to the following: alternation of generations, roots
- Alternation of generations: Dominant sporophyte protects the gametophyte.
- Roots: Deep roots anchor and absorb water.
I6. Explain how gymnosperms (conifers and ginkgos) are adapted for survival in a land environment with respect to the following: stems, leaves, seeds
- Stems: Woody stems provide support and transport.
- Leaves: Needle-like leaves reduce water loss.
- Seeds: Contain stored food and protective coat for survival.
I6. Explain how gymnosperms (conifers and ginkgos) are adapted for survival in a land environment with respect to the following: pollen, vascular tissue
- Pollen: Wind-dispersed, no water needed for fertilization.
- Vascular tissue: Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients efficiently.
I7. Describe how angiosperms are adapted for survival in a land environment, with respect to alternation of generations, flowers
- Alternation of generations: Dominant sporophyte protects the gametophyte.
- Flowers: Attract pollinators for reproduction.
I7. Describe how angiosperms are adapted for survival in a land environment, with respect to pollen, enclosed seeds
- Pollen: Allows fertilization without water; dispersed by wind or animals.
- Enclosed seeds: Protect and nourish the embryo.
I7. Describe how angiosperms are adapted for survival in a land environment, with respect to fruit, roots, stems
- Fruit: Helps in seed dispersal.
- Roots: Anchor plant and absorb water/nutrients.
- Stems: Support plant and transport water/nutrients.
I7. Describe how angiosperms are adapted for survival in a land environment, with respect to leaves, vascular tissue
- Leaves: Photosynthesis; cuticle reduces water loss.
- Vascular tissue: Xylem and phloem efficiently transport water, minerals, and food.
I8. Compare and contrast monocots and dicots in terms of leaves, flower pattern and roots
- Similarity: Both are flowering plants (angiosperms).
- Contrast: Monocots have parallel veins, 3-part flowers, fibrous roots; dicots have net veins, 4–5 part flowers, and a taproot.
