2025: AP Human Geography > Unit One (In-Class) > Flashcards

Unit One (In-Class) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is human geography?

A

It is a branch of geography that deals with how human activity affects or is influenced by Earth’s surface.

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2
Q

How are human and physical geography connected?

A

One cannot ever truly stand on its own without the other

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3
Q

Perspective

A

A way of looking at or viewing something, often influenced by experience

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4
Q

What is the best representation of the Earth?

A

Globes

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5
Q

What is cartography?

A

Map making

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6
Q

What are the purposes of cartography?

A

Storing reference material, tool for communicating information

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7
Q

What is the main problem with maps?

A

Distortion

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8
Q

What problem does each cartographer have to solve?

A

What part of the map are they going to distort

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9
Q

What is projection?

A

The scientific method of transferring locations of the Earth’s surface to a flat map

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10
Q

Equal Area Projection or Goode Homolosine Projection

A

Low/no population places are excluded; the size of continents are accurate; land size accurate, distance distorted

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11
Q

Low/no population places are excluded; the size of continents are accurate; land size accurate, distance distorted

A

Good Homosline Projection

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12
Q

Mercator Projection

A

Polar regions distorted; good for distance and ocean navigation

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13
Q

Polar regions distorted; good for distance and ocean navigation

A

Mercator Projection

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14
Q

Robinson Projection

A

Oceans accurate; landmass smallish; sacrifices a little distortion evenly spread on everything; built with mathematics

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15
Q

Oceans accurate; landmass smallish; sacrifices a little distortion evenly spread on everything; built with mathematics

A

Robinson projection

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16
Q

Winkel Projection

A

Newest, balanced; land masses size accurate; north and south poles are distorted; more inverted than the robinson projection

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17
Q

Newest, balanced; land masses size accurate; north and south poles are distorted; more inverted than the robinson projection

A

Winkel Projection

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18
Q

Site

A

Physical characteristics of a location

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19
Q

Situation

A

Location relative to other locations of human activities

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20
Q

What is absolute location?

A

The exact position of somewhere using coordinates on a map

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21
Q

What is relative location?

A

About where something is

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22
Q

What two concepts is relative location based on?

A

Site and situation

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23
Q

What is map scale?

A

Demonstrates the relation of a feature on a map to actual size on Earth

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24
Q

What is latitude?

A

A numbering system used to represent parallel lines (Latitude, Fatitude)

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25
What is longitude?
Numbering system used to represent meridians
26
Where is the Prime Meridian?
Greenwich, England
27
What is the Longitude Act of 1714?
Created by John Harrison, it created longitude.
28
What direction does latitude run?
East to West
29
What direction does longitude run?
North to South
30
What is the Mets and Bounds system?
As far as the eye can see for purchasing land!
31
What is the U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785?
They used a servey map to divide the town into townships and ranges
32
Thematic Maps
A map depicting a specific spatial distribution or statistical variation of abstract objects in space.
33
Types of Thematic Maps
Graduated Circle, Dot-Distribution, Topographic, Choroplath, and Cartogram
34
Graduated Circle Map
Larger the circle, the greater the phenomenon
35
Dot Distribution Map
Each dot represents an amount of phenomenon
36
Topographic Map
Isoline map which shows elevation
37
Choroplath Map
Use of shading on existing boundaries indicates amount of phenomenon
38
Cartogram Map
Use distortion to show phenomenon
39
What is a mental map?
Maps in your head- cognitive Mapping
40
GIScience
Information acquired by satellites and other information technologies
41
What are the different types of GIScience?
Photogrammetry, remote sensing (satellites), and airplanes and drones
42
What is photogrammetry?
Measuring the Earth from photographs
43
What do GIScience measure?
Maps that measure changes over time
44
What is GPS?
Satellites used for navigation
45
What is place?
A specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics
46
What is Location?
An actual point on Earth (latitude longitude)
47
What defines a place?
What is unique and what is similar
48
What is a toponym?
a place name
49
What is a site?
The location (physical attributes)
50
What is situation?
When something is in relation to something else
51
What is human sense of placed based on?
Human sense of place is based on emotions regarding unique features.
52
What is the difference between space and place?
Place is distinguished by human action and is always changing, while Space is any real unit of the Earth's surface OR the physical gap or interval between two objects.
53
ALL THINGS ARE CONNECTED.
REMEMBER.
54
What is spatial distribution?
The arrangement of items on the Earth's surface
55
What is distribution?
The arrangement of a feature in space
56
What are the three properties of distribution?
Density, concentration, and pattern.
57
What is density?
The frequency with which something occurs in space
58
What is arithmetic density?
People/phenomenon per area
59
How is density normally used?
In comparision
60
What is density always in relation to?
Density is always in relation to area
61
What are the three types of density?
Arithmetic, Physiological, and agricultural
62
What is Physiological density?
People per unit of arable land (resource demand!)
63
What does arable mean?
farmable
64
What is agricultural density?
Farmers per arable land
65
What is concentration and dispertion
Spread of a phenomenon over an area
66
Clustered
Where you are (Agglomerated)
67
Agglomerated
Where you are (Clustered)
68
Dispersed
Spread out (scattered)
69
Scattered
Spread out (dispersed)
70
Is concentration the same as density?
NO!
71
What is pattern?
The geometric arrangement of objects in space
72
What are the three types of patterns?
Linear, centralized, and random
73
What is a linear pattern?
Straight line!
74
What is a centralized pattern?
Centers around a node!
75
What is a random pattern?
Has a strategy to its randomness (LAND MINES)
76
What is a grid or rectangular pattern?
Used to organize cities!
77
What is spatial interaction?
The movement of people, goods, and information between different places; an indication of the interdependence between geographic areas.
78
What are the two key concepts of spatial interaction?
Accessibility and connectivity
79
What is a network?
A regional system through which movement can occur.
80
What is diffusion?
A process by which a characteristic spread across space from one place to another over time
81
Hearth or Culture Hearth?
Where an innovation begins and spreads out from the center node
82
What are the two types of diffusion?
Relocation and expansion
83
What is relocation diffusion?
When an idea or thing spreads through physical movement from one place to another
84
What is expansion diffusion?
The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process
85
What is hierarchical diffusion?
Spread an idea from a position of power/large area to a smaller position of power/small area
86
What is contagious diffusion?
Spread from one person to another
87
What is stimulus diffusion
One person has an idea ht takes off
88
What is assimilation?
One group dominates the culture of the other group (weaker group blends in)
89
What is acculturation?
Two groups meet, both are changed from the interaction but remain sepearate and retain different/distinct cultures.
90
What is syncretism?
Combine two groups and form a new culture
91
What does geography prevent?
Diffusion (people can't interact)
92
Distance Decay
The further you move away from an area, the less contact you will have.
93
What is Tobler's Law?
All things are related, but things closer are more related.
94
What is friction of distance?
Distance is what keeps you from interacting
95
What is time-space compression/convergence?
The rate at which places move closer together due to travel, communication, and technology: The world is figuratively shrinking!
96
What does time-space compression take away?
Tobler's Law and Function of Distance
97
What is globalization?
THe interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change.
98
Placelessness
You can be everywhere and nowhere at the same time; ENDS CULTURE.
99
Negative issues associated with globalization?
Environmental; health issues; security (9-11)
100
How do humans interact with the world in which they live?
They change it for human use and adapt to live in the world
101
What is cultural ecolgy?
The study of human/environment relationship
102
What is environmental determinism?
physical environment caused social development
103
Who developed environmental determinism?
Humboldt and Ritter
104
Who said that climate was the major determinant of civilization?
Huntington
105
Who created the climate map?
Koppen
106
What is possiblism?
The physical environment limits some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
107
What are regions?
Regions are areas that display significant elements of internal uniformity and external differences from surrounding territories
108
What are the characteristics of regions?
Identifiable location, spatial extent, boundaries, hierarchically arranged
109
What is spatial extent
What is the phenomenon you're trying to show?
110
What people care about and what people take care of
remember?
111
What did Sauer say?
Regions derive its unified character through the cultural landscape
112
What is cultural landscape?
An area fashioned from nature by a cultural group (HAS TO BE PERMANENT!)
113
What are the three types of regions?
Formal, functional/nodal, vernacular/perceptual
114
What is a formal region?
An area consitsting of one or more uniform elements; established by a governmental party
115
What are functional/nodal regions?
An area organized around a node or a focal point. THe point of origin exists for a practical purpose. Ex, cities, univeristies
116
What are vernacular/Perceptual regions?
Based on how people view a place, reflects feelings and images rather than objective data.
117
What is scale?
The relationship between the portion of the Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole.
118
What is Scale of Analysis
Examining human actions at all levels!
2025: AP Human Geography
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