1
Q
Agriculture
A
The purposeful rending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber
2
Q
How much of all land is committed to agriculture?
A
1/3
3
Q
What percentage of the population in LDCs work in subsistence agriculture?
A
1/2
4
Q
How much of the population of developed countries work in commercial agriculture?
A
4.2%
5
Q
When did farming decline?
A
1950-2010
6
Q
What increased when farming declined?
A
Secondary and tertiary jobs
7
Q
Hunters and Gatherers
A
Intentional gathering of grains, hunting, and fishing
8
Q
Non-Permanent Societies
A
Small populations; early societies lived in wetter and better environments
9
Q
First Agricultural Revolution
A
Plant agriculture development and animal domestication; vegetative plantings; seed agriculture
10
Q
When did the First Agricultural Revolution happen?
A
14,000 years ago
11
Q
Vegetative Plantings
A
Shoots, stems, and roots of existing wild plants were collected and grown
12
Q
Seed Agriculture
A
Seeds of strong plants were collected, replanted, fertilized, and relocated
13
Q
Where did planting first start?
A
Southeast Asia, due to the variety of plants
14
Q
Animal Domestication
A
Dogs, pigs, and chickens were the first to be domesticated
15
Q
Where did Animal Domestication first happen?
A
Southeast Asia
16
Q
When did Animal Domestication happen?
A
8,000 years ago
17
Q
Animal Domestication’s relation to Southwest Asia
A
First region to integrate use of animals and seed agriculture
18
Q
How did Southwest Asia use Animal Domestication?
A
They used animals to plow land.
19
Q
How many species in the world are domesticated?
A
40
20
Q
Colombian Exchange
A
In the 1500s, exploration resulted in relocation diffusion of new world crops to the rest of the world
21
Q
How is diffusion in the Colombian Exchange limited?
A
Diffusion limited by climates
22
Q
How did crops and animals diffuse?
A
Trade
23
Q
Second Agricultural Revolution
A
A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses
24
Q
When did the Second Agricultural Revolution occur?
A
1600s
25
Enclosure Movement
Farmers rented land from landed gentry; took a bunch of little farms and turned it into one large farm
26
Seed Drill
Invented by Jethro Tull; allowed for an excess of food and more jobs. The plow drops seeds.
27
Crop Rotation
A rotation of crops to refresh and renew the soil with a fallow plot.
28
Fallow
Idle land during growing season
29
What emerged during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Enclosure Movement; Seed Drill; Crop Rotation; Selective Breeding of Animals; New Crops and Fertilizer; Barbed Wire
30
Who invented the selective breeding of animals?
Robert Blakesee
31
Alternate name for the Third Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution
32
Third Agricultural Revolution
Invention of high yield grains, especially rice, with the goal of reducing hunger
33
When did the Green Revolution happen?
1950-1960
34
What did the Green Revolution focus on?
Focused on third world population increases.
35
What was created during the Green Revolution?
Created dwarf breeds of rice and wheat; genetically modified seeds
36
Opposition to Green Revolution
Vulnerability to pests; soil erosion; water shortages; micronutrient deficiencies; dependency on chemicals for production; lost control over seeds
37
Types of Farming
Extensive and Intensive
38
Extensive Farming
Large land areas, high use of technology, LIMITED HUMAN INPUTS to create high yield (grain farming in usa or MDCs)
39
Intensive Farming
Smaller land areas (not always); HIGH INPUT OF HUMAN LABOR to achieve yield (dairy farming, rice farming in LDCs)
40
Subsistence Agriculture
Total self-sufficiency; nomadic herding/pastoralism/transhumance; urban subsistence
41
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
1/2 world pop., LDCs primarily; low skill/technology used, human/animal labor
42
Commercial Agriculture
MDCs: Semi-peripheral, core regions; grown for sale; mixed crop and livestock; characteristics of commercial farms-large; high tech (owned by cooperations; lower number of farmers
43
Slash-and-Burn / Shifting Cultivation
Swidden agriculture: areas of land cleared and vegetation burned off, layer of ash increases soil's fertility; very efficient with low pop./tech; 2nd year is when land is most productive; move to next plot of land; tropical regions; issue: land waste and deforestation
44
Pastoral Nomadism
Based on herding of domestic animals; adapted to dry climates; cluster in north africa and central asia; transhumance
45
Transhumance
Seasonla migration between mountains and lowlands
46
Plantation Agriculture
Commercial farming done in the tropics and sub-tropics; farmer colonial areas (africa and sea); specialize in one or two crops (coffee, sugarcane, cotton, rubber, rice, tobacco); located on coast for shipping; bring in workers
47
Rice
Plant rice on dryland; move to flooded field (swah/paddy); plant/harvest by hand; thresh; double cropping; terrace farming
48
Swah/paddy
Flooded field
49
Double Cropping
Two crops in on e plot
50
MDC Rice
Flat area
51
Agirulture in MDCs
Mixed crop and livestock (most common form of commercial agriculture in USA and Europe
52
Characteristics of Mixed crop and livestock
Crop grown to feed livestock (corn); livestock manure = fertilizer; crop: annual attention,, animal: daily attention; income seasonal crops livestock sold anytime; crop rotation essentail-started in northern europe; technology and cooperations
53
Grain Farming
Monoculture; wheat, corn, rice; usa produces 70% of corn for world market; france produces most of europe's wheat; high dependecy on GMO seeds and technology; large land area required; part of agribusiness
54
Dairy Farming
Most imporatant type of farming to be practiced near urban areas; mdcs used to be largest producer; india's the worlds largest produce; ca is largest producer in usa; milkshed- ring around surroudning city spoilage
55
Livestock
Beef - requires large land area for grazing, walked to feed it often, then to processing
pork - located near the corn belt feed
poultry lived in warmer limates due to the need of vitamin d/ sunshine, now added to food, meeat, eg , fetlizier
56
Mediterranean Farming
Located around m sea reagion; gow grapes olives figs cirus; crop reuire warm year round climate
57
Truck farming
aousth east; commercial gardening and fruit farming; sol dto large companties and / or taken into citires for daily consumption
58
Aquaculture
Raising farmed seafood in contained environments for commercial sale
59
Types of aquaculture
Hydroponic and Verticle Agriculture
60
Hydoponic Growing
Growing ith water
61
Verticle Agriculture
Up not out growth o be greens and herbs
62
Major concepts that determine lcoation
Distance from the city; preservation of food; amount of space
63
Von THunen Model
The first location theory; wrote the isolated state; 1826
64
Von Thunen Model Six Assumptions
Only one market available; all farmers are market oriented; the phsyical environment is uniform; all points at equal distances; all farmers out to maximize projects; only one made of transportation (ox casrts_
65
1826 model
1: city; 2: dairy and market gathering; 3: forest for fuel; 4: grains and field crops; 5: ranching; 6: represents wilderness where agriculture is not profitable
66
Land Rent
Land value will decrease the farther away from markets
67
Bid Rent Theory
Rent is highest in the closets proximity to urban markets; agricultural products that have intensive land use, have high tranportation costs, and in great demand would be located close to urban markets
68
Africa's Issues
Africa's food chain is fragmented (33 million small farms; lack access to fair markets, money, trade relations, lack of farming technology, information on weather, pests, and market demand; spends 35 billion on importing food; 100 billion by 2030)
69
Problems of Subsistence Farming
Population growth = increased demand; technology increases yield but population also increasing
70
Overproduction in Commercial Agriculture
Technology = increased food production; demand in MDC remains constant; government response subsidize agriculture
71
Government Respons: Subsidize Agriculture
1. pay not to grow or pay to raise; 2. set price target and pay the difference; 3. government buys surplus, used for foreign aid
72
Sustainable Agriculture
Arigultural pracice that preserves and ehnances evironmental quality
73
Criteria for substainable agriculture
Sensitive land management: ridge tillage; limited use of chemicals; better integration of crops and livestock
74
Drug Crops
Campesinos; infiltrates entire economies and government
75
Examples of Drug Crops
Mexico- Marijuana; Golden Triangle/Golden Crescent- Opium; Cocaine- South America
76
Campesinos
Rural areas; grow legal crops and make little money or grow drugs (tenant farmers)
77
Value Added Agriculture
Food processed on a farm; products are determined by appellation; wine- napa California; terroir, flavors of wine based on region
78
Alternative Livestock
Farms switching to livestock that also produce extra products: wool, feather down; llamas, bison, kangaroos, krills, soybeans
79
Desertification
The process by which fertile land becomes a desert
80
What causes desertification
Excess grazing, over cultivation for crops, and drought
81
Desertification example
Dust Bowl of the 1930s; population explosion of 1950s; UN estimates 70 million acres are lost annually
82
GMOs
Genetically modified organisms
83
What do GMOs do
Increase yield; increase size of animals
84
RBST
Growth hormones; issue of modification, hormones, animal treamtment
85
Food Deserts
A neighborhood that doesn't have access to a grocery store to have access to fresh healthy food and veggies; rely on convenience stores and fast food; one mile in a city, ten miles in other areas
86
How do you determine a food desert?
Map population in relation to store distance; identify map socioeconomic factors (who and what can they afford); map location of population to access to public transport vs private v
87
Reasons for Food Deserts
Economics; cultural; demographic; political/historical
88
Reasons for Food Deserts: Economics
Less incentive for a large grocery store in a poor neighborhood/or small town; decline of neighborhood = decline of stores
89
Reasons for Food Deserts: Cultural
Immigrant difficult to find cultural food; lack of transportation = large grocery in suburbs
90
Reasons for Food Deserts: Demographic
Elderly, lack of income, lack of access to transportation; stores avoid low income neighborhoods or isolated areas
91
Reasons for Food Deserts: Political/Historical
Land use policies; institutional bias; redlining
92
Commodity
A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type. They are most often used as input in the production of other goods.
93
Commodity Chain
A process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally distribute them to consumers (LDCs have to establish these)
94
Agribusiness
Any business related to farming and farming related commercial activities
95
Verticle Integration
When a company owns two or more stages of production; consistant supply and control cost; use of high tech to control environment; location in relation to feed-cut transportation cost
96
Costco Verticle INtegration
Chicken in Nebraska, egg to bird
97
Walmar Verticle Integrait on
Angus beef
2025: AP Human Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (26)
# Cards
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Unit One (Textbook)22
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Unit One (In-Class)118
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Unit One (Mr. Sinn)58
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Unit One (Assigned Flashcards)42
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Unit Two (In-Class)27
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Unit Two (Mr. Sinn)59
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Unit Two (Assigned Flashcards)10
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Unit Three (In-Class)52
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Unit Three (Mr. Sinn)98
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Unit Three (Assigned)47
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Unit Four (Packet)8
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Unit Four (In-Class)128
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Unit Four (Mr. Sinn)101
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Unit Four (Assigned)51
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Unit Five (In-Class)138
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Unit Five (Mr. Sinn)102
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Unit Five (Assigned)50
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Unit Six (Assigned)33
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Unit Six (Mr. Sinn)104
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Unit Six (In-Class)97
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Unit Seven (Mr. Sinn)64
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Unit Seven (Assigned)21
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Unit Seven (In-Class)121
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Thinking Geographically - Key Concepts (AP TEST REVIEW)75
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Thinking Geographically - Spatial Interactions (AP TEST REVIEW)32
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Thinking Geographically - Geographic Tools (AP TEST REVIEW)2
