Vaccinations

Question 1

How does vaccination protect individuals?

Answer 1

Vaccine contains antigen from pathogen
B cell with complementary receptor protein binds to antigen
T cell stimulates B cell
B cell is activated so divides by mitosis
B cell secretes large amounts of antibody
Some B cells become memory cells
Memory cells produce antibodies faster

Question 2

What is passive immunity?

Answer 2

E.g. antibodies passed in breast milk
Immunity you get from being given antibodies made by a different organism- your immune system doesn’t produce any antibodies of its own
The pathogen does not enter the body so plasma and memory cells are not made- no long-term immunity

Question 3

What is active immunity?

Answer 3

Immunity created by your own immune system- following exposure to the pathogen or its antigen

Question 4

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 4

Following infection and the creation of the bodies own antibodies and memory cells
Become immune after catching a disease

Question 5

What is artificial active immunity?

Answer 5

Following the introduction of a weakened version of the pathogen or antigens via a vaccine
When you become immune after given a vaccine

Question 6

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 6

When a baby becomes immune due to the antibodies they receive from their mother, through the placenta and in breast milk

Question 7

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 7

Become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else
E.g. contracting tetanus- can be injected with antibodies against the tetanus toxin, collected from blood donations

Question 8

Contrast active and passive immunity?

Answer 8

Active involves memory cells, passive does not
Active involves production of antibody by plasma/memory cells- passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside
Active long term- antibody is produced in response to antigen. Passive- short term as antibody given is broken down
Active can take time to develop- passive is fast acting

Question 9

Herd immunity?

Answer 9

If enough of the population are vaccinated, the pathogen cant be spread easily amongst the population
Provides protection for those who are not vaccinated e.g. too young

Question 10

What is a live attenuated vaccination?

Answer 10

Contains a weakened pathogen

Question 11

What is an inactivated vaccination?

Answer 11

Contains dead/killed pathogens- cant reproduce so cant make people ill
May just contain the antigen

Question 12

What happens once you get the vaccination?

Answer 12

Triggers the primary immune response- T cells- helper T cells stimulating the B cells. B cells clone by mitosis- differentiate into plasma cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies
Memory cells are produced
Memory B cells can quickly differentiate into plasma cells- produce large quantities of antibodies
Artificial active immunity