Phenomology
unique way humans consciously see & experience world = who they are
Culture
system of symbols, beliefs, values, norms, practices shared among collection of interconnected individuals
Individualism (Ideocentrism)
focus on self, individual more important than group
self-esteem = life satisfaction
Collectivism (Allocentrism)
focus on others, group more important than individual
harmonious relationship = life satisfaction
Tightness
strict rules, strong enforcement, little tolerance, severe punishment IF deviate from norm
heightened conscientiousness
Tight Countries
Pakistan, Malaysia, India
Looseness
lax rules, weak enforcement, high tolerance, little punishment IF deviate from norm
heightened openness
Loose Countries
Ukraine, Israel, Estonia
Cultural Norm & Personality Development
personality maturation happens earlier in cultures w/ earlier normative transition into workforce
studying abroad during university… (personality traits)
increase openness/agreeableness, decrease neuroticism
moving abroad in high school =
initially personal values adapt to new cultural context (rebound effects 2yrs later)
4 Issues w/ Cross-cultural research in personality
- basic comparability (non-universal personality structure)
- reference group effects (who am i comparing self to?)
- cultures not monoliths
- humans not monoliths
3 Ways of Navigating Multiple Cultural Identities within Self
- Categorization
- Compartmentalization
- Integration
Categorization
identify w/ 1 cultural group over others, see 1 identity as predominant & exclude other identities from self
Compartmentalization
have multiple/opposing identities kept separate from self, identify w/ 1 cultural group at a time (depend on context)
Integration
cohesively connecting/reconciling multiple identities within self, see differences b/w identities as complementary, identify simultaneously w/ diff cultures
3 causes of regional personality differences
- selective migration
- sociocultural influence
- ecological influence
Selective Migration
open & extroverted ppl more likely to move cities
Sociocultural Influence
ppl living in former frontier regions (US mountain west, hokkaido) = more independent, resilient, socially withdrawn
Ecological Influence
ppl living in more clement climates = more extraverted & open
ppl living in developed, densely populated, urban areas = more open
Societal Consequences (Political)
more open = liberal
more conscientious = conservative
more neurotic = support trump & brexit
Societal Consequences (Economic)
more open = more economic resilience
more courageous = higher start-ups, failure rates, higher debt
more agreeable = more financial hardship
Societal Consequences (Social)
more agreeable = more social capital, less crime
more extraverted = more social capital, more crime
more neurotic = low work satisfaction, low volunteer rates, less social capital
Societal Consequences (Health)
more neurotic = inc cancer/alzheimers/obesity/chronic disease, fewer COVID-19 case & death
more conscientious = lower cancer/heart disease mortality, fewer long-term health problems
more open = higher infection & death rates in COVID-19, faster & stronger behavioural responses
