PSYC 305 > W6 > Flashcards

W6 Flashcards

(52 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Plaster Hypothesis (McCrae & Costa)

A

personality fully biologically determined, completely developed by 30yo (changes after this trivial/non-existent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cross-sectional Data

A

different ppl of various age surveyed at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pros & Cons: Cross-sectional Data

A

pro: cheap & fast (entire lifespan covered in data collection)

con: potentially bias by cohort effects (ie. covid, war)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Longitudinal Data

A

same ppl surveyed at diff times over the years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pros & cons: longitudinal data

A

pros: tracks within-person change, unaffected by cohort effects

cons: expensive & slow, can take decades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 indicators of personality stability?

A
  1. absolute stability/mean-level stability
  2. differential stability/rank-order stability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Absolute Stability / Mean-level Stability

A

consistency in the level/amount of personality attribute over time

(is person at 20yo more/less/equally extroverted at age 40)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differential Stability / Rank-order Stability

A

consistency in the rank-ordering of personality across 2+ measurements

(is most/least extroverted person in friend group at 20yo the still same at 40yo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Homotypic Stability

A

trait manifests in same way across lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Heretotypic Stability

A

trait same but manifests differently across diff life stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rank-order stability

A

correlation b/w 2 assessments over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What we do know: Differential Stability (rank-order stability)

A
  1. personality traits moderately stable over time (.4 to .6 over 10yr lag) - stability dec w longer lag
  2. stability rises throughout young & middle adulthood, peaks 60yo
  3. never perfect rank-order stability - lifelong plasticity (traits can & do change at any age)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mean-level Change

A

standardized mean-level difference across time/age groups

reflects degree which trait level dec/inc among ALL ppl in population (avg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What we do know: Absolute Stability (mean-level change)

A
  1. Disruption Hypothesis
  2. Maturity Principle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Disruption Hypothesis

A

pattern in adolescence
- dip in socially relevant traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion)
- temporary inc in more resistant/neurotic/impulsive traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Maturity Principle

A

emerging/early adulthood
- inc traits w/ greater psychological maturity (emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness)
- peak & consolidate in middle adulthood

SOCIAL INVESTMENT THEORY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social Investment Theory (Robert et al, 2008)

A

personality maturation = response to requirements of age-graded social roles

excelling at uni, entering workforce, stable romantic relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why LEAST data in old age?

A
  1. recruit via modern technology
  2. little contact to large groups of old adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do we know about ppl w old age?

A
  1. personality continues to change
  2. transition to retirement - dec OCEA
  3. emotional stability goes up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Motivational Framework of Personality Development in Late Adulthood (Bleidorn & Hopwood)

A

normative dec in OCEA = diminished ability to control environment -reduced primary control capacity (can’t just go run a marathon

continuous inc in emotional stability = help cope/compensate w age-graded loss - enhanced secondary control capacity (adjust goals/pov)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Paradox of Aging

Study These Flashcards
A

ability to be okay w life & not be upset easily

older ppl more loss but more well-being B/C wiser goal pursuit & better emotional stability

22
Q

Mechanisms of Stability

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Biology (genetics)
  2. Physical & stable environmental factors
  3. Early experiences can lastingly shape personality
  4. Person-environment-transactions
23
Q

Mechanisms of Change

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Biology (hormonal changes)
  2. Physical development
  3. Social & cultural norms
  4. Social role demands (maturity principle)
  5. formative experiences (life events)
24
Q

Impact of Life Events (meta-analysis, Buhler & colleagues)

Study These Flashcards
A

robust & specific, relatively small effects
- ie. new relationship = more conscientiousness, more life satisfaction
- ie. marriage = lower openness
- ie. childbirth = lower extraversion
- ie, first job = more conscientiousness, self-esteem, life satisfaction
- ie. unemployment = less neuroticism, less conscientiousness

25
Which is more impactful x2
1. gain-based life events = more impactful than loss-based life events 2. work life events = more impactful than love life events
26
What ways do ppl differ in personality change?
rate, timing, direction of trait change individual diff small but significant across all life stages biggest change = emerging adulthood then dec
27
3 reasons why there is individual differences in personality change
1. everybody has diff experiences 2. same experience diff effects on diff ppl 3. cultural norms & expectations differ
28
pattern of machiavellianism
adolescence = peak adulthood = decrease after retirement = small increase
29
pattern of humility
adolescence = stagnation adulthood = maturation after retirement = brief dip then recover
30
goal of young adults
focused on preperation of future, personal growth
31
goal of older adults
focused on preservation, communal connections
32
Buchinger et al. findings on Life Goals & Big 5
1. goal = economic achievement inc = inc extraversion & conscientiousness 2. goal = personal goal inc = inc openness & extraversion, dec neuroticism 3. communal goal inc = inc agreeableness
33
What % of ppl want to change some aspects of personality?
60%
34
Hudson et al. key findings on effectiveness of volitional personality change w/o interventions
1. change goals, predicted change in all big 5 traits 3-5 months later 2. strongest links = extraversion & neuroticism 3. weakest links = openness & agreeableness
35
Effectiveness of Volitional Personality Change
personality change following interventions = 5x stronger than normative personality traits changes = 1.5x stronger than volitional change w/o intervention during same time but smaller change than psychotherapeutic interventions
36
Effectiveness of Personality Change Intervention
1. Interventions differ in efficacy 2. largest effects = extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness 3. weaker effects = agreeableness, openness 4. intervention effects are long-lasting
37
4 current practices in volitional personality interventions
1. systematic literature review 2. 1-on-1 coaching 3. goal setting 4. personality change through cognitive (most common) & affective (least common) *on avg last 11 weeks, once a week
38
3 intervention levels of CHILL study
1. Trait-level = psychoeducation, structural/practical support 2. Habit-level = goal setting, + reinforcement, skill building 3. State-level = behavioural activation, exposure to humour, relaxation
39
State-to-trait Mechanism
explicit/implicit change from momentary thoughts/feelings/motivation/behaviours = accumulate into habits/enduring changes
40
What are the 4 major challenges & priorities Bleidorn et al. highlighted?
1. time - need more frequent/continuous assessments 2. samples - need cross-cultural to test universality 3. measurement - reduce overreliance on self-reports 4. causality - move beyond correlational design to experimental & quasi-experimental
41
From Uugwanga et al. reading, how is adulthood defined differently in African contexts?
not reached through age BUT through moral conduct, contribution to family/community, recognition by others
42
What is the Ubuntu Philosophy?
"a person is a person through other people"
43
What research approach was used in Uugwanga et al. reading?
Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA) - qualitative method emphasizing research reflexivity & contextual meaning-making
44
Uugwanga et al. reading: findings on GENDER ROLES & path to adulthood
women = mature earlier, caregiving roles & household duties, protective restrictions (keep close to home) men = gain independence, provide financially (more freedom but greater pressure to provide)
45
Uugwanga et al. reading: findings on BIRTH ORDER & path to adulthood
firstborns = early caregiving roles, adult recognition sooner last-borns = prolonged protection, seen as immature regardless of age
46
Uugwanga et al. reading: findings on BECOMING A PARENT & path to adulthood
adult status depends on how responsibly parent role embraced & whether elders validate maturity
47
Uugwanga et al. reading: what are adults expected to do (3)?
1. provide for extended family & community 2. engage in emotional, moral, financial support 3. completing education (seen as modern rite of passage)
48
Uugwanga et al. reading: what psychological traits define adulthood?
1. reflection & wisdom 2. resilience & independence 3. sound judgement & long-term thinking 4. respect for elders & humility
49
What is the difference bw western & ovambo models of emerging adulthood?
western = self-focus & autonomy ovambo = independence & communal care
50
Agentic Commualism
personal agency (initiative, responsibility) + communalism (care for others)
51
Where does the most change happen? (tedtalk)
Now
52
"end of history" illusion (tedtalk)
ppl underestimate how much change they will experience in the next 10 years
PSYC 305
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions