1. Why are the testes located outside the abdomen?

1. Why are the testes located outside the abdomen? to maintain temp at approx 34 degrees for production of viable sperm

2. Name two muscles involved with testes movement and where is each located?

2. Name two muscles involved with testes movement and where is each located? cremaster – within spermatic cord dartos – within skin of scrotum

3. Where are sperm produced? and where do they mature?

3. Where are sperm produced? in seminiferous tubules within the testes and where do they mature? within the epididymis

4. Fill in the gaps, ____________, secondary spermatocyte, _________, immature spermatozoa.

4. Fill in the gaps, ___primary spermatocyte_________, secondary spermatocyte, __spermatid_______, immature spermatozoa.

5. Name the three accessory glands associated with the male reproductive ducts and state at least one function for each:

5. Name the three accessory glands associated with the male reproductive ducts and state at least one function for each: i. seminal vescicle – production of fructose – energy source for sperm motility _60% of vol ii. prostate gland – slightly acidic, seminal plasmin (antibiotic); 30% of volume iii. bulbourethral gland – alkaline mucus to neutralise urine remaining in urethra

7. Describe two primary functions of the testes. production of spermatozoa;

7. Describe two primary functions of the testes. production of spermatozoa; production of testosterone by the interstitial cells (of Leydig)

8. The temperature required for optimum sperm formation is 34oC but the normal body temperature is 37oC. How is this achieved?

8. The temperature required for optimum sperm formation is 34oC but the normal body temperature is 37oC. How is this achieved? Contraction and relaxation of the cremaster muscles in response to_local temperature variations (contract & tighten if cold, drawing testes closer to the body)

9. Sperm spend 1-3 weeks in the epididymis. If the sperm are not used/removed, what happens to them?

9. Sperm spend 1-3 weeks in the epididymis. If the sperm are not used/removed, what happens to them? they are destroyed

10. State two functions of the ovaries.

10. State two functions of the ovaries. Production of ova; production of female hormones (oestrogens and progestins)

11. Describe the location of the uterus.

11. Describe the location of the uterus. Within the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum

1. What is the result of mitosis?

1. What is the result of mitosis? Identical Daughter cells

3. At what stage does DNA replication occur?

3. At what stage does DNA replication occur? S phaser of interphase

5. Describe the roles of the male in the reproductive process. Incorporate in your answer the function of the structures previously listed.

5. Describe the roles of the male in the reproductive process. Incorporate in your answer the function of the structures previously listed. Not as much as the female (1) To produce gametes (sperm) (2) To transfer gametes to female

1. For oocytes, at what stage is meiosis completed?

1. For oocytes, at what stage is meiosis completed? fertilisation

2. How many gametes are formed from each primary oocyte? What is the reason for this? What is the origin of the polar bodies?

2. How many gametes are formed from each primary oocyte? What is the reason for this? What is the origin of the polar bodies? Only 1. All the cytoplasm goes to 1 ovum. Polar bodies contain the ‘unused’ chromosomes

3. The sex of the child is fixed at the moment of fertilisation. What is it that determines this?

3. The sex of the child is fixed at the moment of fertilisation. What is it that determines this? X or Y chromosome from father.

1. What part does each of these cell types play in the process of spermatogenesis?

1. What part does each of these cell types play in the process of spermatogenesis? Spermatogonia Spermatogonia - “stock” cells on basement membrane

week 13 Flashcards by peter footer

Why are the testes located outside the abdomen?

Why are the testes located outside the abdomen?

to maintain temp at approx 34 degrees for production of viable sperm

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Name two muscles involved with testes movement and where is each located?

Name two muscles involved with testes movement and where is each located?

cremaster – within spermatic cord
dartos – within skin of scrotum

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Where are sperm produced?

and where do they mature?

Where are sperm produced? in seminiferous tubules within the testes
and where do they mature? within the epididymis

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Fill in the gaps, ____________, secondary spermatocyte, _________, immature spermatozoa.

Fill in the gaps, ___primary spermatocyte_________, secondary spermatocyte, __spermatid_______, immature spermatozoa.

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Name the three accessory glands associated with the male reproductive ducts and state at least one function for each:

Name the three accessory glands associated with the male reproductive ducts and state at least one function for each:

*i. ** seminal vescicle – production of fructose – energy source for sperm motility _60% of vol
*ii. ** prostate gland – slightly acidic, seminal plasmin (antibiotic); 30% of volume
*iii.** bulbourethral gland – alkaline mucus to neutralise urine remaining in urethra

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In your own words explain what you understand by the terms:

Corpus spongiosum

Corpus cavernosum

In your own words explain what you understand by the terms:

Corpus spongiosum single mass of erectile tissue surrounding the penile urethra; more slender than CS; expands to form the glans penis

Corpus cavernosum two cylindrical masses of erectile tissue under the anterior surface of the flaccid penis (has larger blood spaces)

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Describe two primary functions of the testes. production of spermatozoa;

Describe two primary functions of the testes. production of spermatozoa;

production of testosterone by the interstitial cells (of Leydig)

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The temperature required for optimum sperm formation is 34oC but the normal body temperature is 37oC. How is this achieved?

The temperature required for optimum sperm formation is 34oC but the normal body temperature is 37oC. How is this achieved?

Contraction and relaxation of the cremaster muscles in response to_local temperature variations (contract & tighten if cold, drawing testes closer to the body)

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Sperm spend 1-3 weeks in the epididymis. If the sperm are not used/removed, what happens to them?

Sperm spend 1-3 weeks in the epididymis. If the sperm are not used/removed, what happens to them?

**they are destroyed **

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State two functions of the ovaries.

State two functions of the ovaries.

Production of ova;

**production of female hormones (oestrogens and progestins) **

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Describe the location of the uterus.

Describe the location of the uterus.

Within the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum

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How are the uterine tubes adapted to their functions?

How are the uterine tubes adapted to their functions?

Infundibulum and fimbriae have shape and epithelial cells with cilia that draw ovum into the lumen of the tube. Epithelium of the isthmus also has cilia and underlying smooth muscle contracts in peristaltis to move ovum toward the uterus.

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Define corpus luteum and state its function.

Define corpus luteum and state its function.

The remnant of the tertiary follicle (after ovulation); functions to produce progestins that prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

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What is the result of mitosis?

What is the result of mitosis?

Identical Daughter cells

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Name two types of cells in the body where mitosis is frequently occurring.

Red bone marrow, GI tract & hair

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At what stage does DNA replication occur?

At what stage does DNA replication occur?

S phaser of interphase

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Describe the roles of the male in the reproductive process. Incorporate in your
answer the function of the structures previously listed.

Describe the roles of the male in the reproductive process. Incorporate in your
answer the function of the structures previously listed.

*Not as much as the female
(1) To produce gametes (sperm)
(2) To transfer gametes to female**

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Describe the anatomical boundaries of the area known as the perineum. What are meant by the urogenital triangle and anal triangle?

Describe the anatomical boundaries of the area known as the perineum. What are meant by the urogenital triangle and anal triangle?

The diamond shaped perineum extends from the pubic arch to the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity each side and back to the pubic arch. These bony landmarks are easily palpated.

The diamond is broken into two triangles by a line drawn between the ischial tuberosities.

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List the layers found in the wall of the uterus.

List the layers found in the wall of the uterus.

Endometrium - Stratum (functionale, basale) / Epithelium
Myometrium / smooth muscle
Perimetrium - Serosa / CT

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For oocytes, at what stage is meiosis completed?

For oocytes, at what stage is meiosis completed?

fertilisation

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How many gametes are formed from each primary oocyte? What is the reason for
this? What is the origin of the polar bodies?

How many gametes are formed from each primary oocyte? What is the reason for
this? What is the origin of the polar bodies?

Only 1. All the cytoplasm goes to 1 ovum. Polar bodies contain the ‘unused’ chromosomes

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The sex of the child is fixed at the moment of fertilisation. What is it that determines this?

The sex of the child is fixed at the moment of fertilisation. What is it that determines this?

X or Y chromosome from father.

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How is multiple fertilisation generally prevented?

How is multiple fertilisation generally prevented?

**Zone pellucida forms a ‘fertilisation membrane’ around ovum -
prevents subsequent fertilisation/subsequent sperm entering
**

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What part does each of these cell types play in the process of spermatogenesis?

What part does each of these cell types play in the process of spermatogenesis?

Spermatogonia Spermatogonia - “stock” cells on basement membrane

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2. How many spermatozoa are formed from each primary spermatocyte?

2. How many spermatozoa are formed from each primary spermatocyte? **4**

The reproductive system A. produces gamtes B. stores and transports gametes C. nourishes gametes D. all of the above E. A and B only

D. all of the above

The reproductive system includes A. gonads and external genitalia B. ducts that recieve and transport the gametes C. accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids D. all of the above E. B and C only

D. all of the above

The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the A. vagina B. uterine tube C. ovary D. uterus E. cervix

D. uterus

Which is the function of the ovaries A. secretion of hormones B. production of oocytes C. formation of immature gametes D. secretion of inhibin E. all of the above

E. all of the above

The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the A. uterosacral ligament B. vagina C. uterine tube D. infundibulum E. myometrium

C. uterine tube

The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the A. isthmus B. fornix C. fundus D. body E. cervix

E. cervix

The muscular layer of the uterus is the A. endometrium B. perimetrium C. myometrium D. uterometrium E. sarcometrium

C. mymoterium

Each of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true excepts that, A. at the time of birth the ovaries contain only primary oocytes B. ova develop from the stem cells called oogonia C. an ovum will only complete meiosis if it is fertilised D. oogensis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause E. the first meiotic division is completed just prior to ovulation

D. oogenisis occurs continously from puberty until menopause.

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers. A. follicle maturation B. menstration C. ovulation D. menopause E. atresia

C. ovulation

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for A. follicle maturation B. menstruation C. Ovulation D. menopause E. atresia

A. follicle maturation

The average length of a menstrual cycle is A. 10 days B. 14 days C. 21 days D. 28 days E. 35 days

D. 28 days

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle A. ovulation occurs B. a new functional layer is formed in the uterus C. secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium D. the old functional layer is sloughed off E. the corpus luteum is formed

B. a new functional layer is formed in the uterus

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle A. ovulation occurs B. a new uterine lining is formed C. glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion D. the old functional layer is sloughed off E. the corpus lutem is formed

C. glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion

During menses A. ovulation occurs B. a new uterine lining is formed C. secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium D. the old functional layer is sloughed off E. the corpus luteum is formed

D. the old functional layer is sloughed off

All of the following are true of the vagina except that is A. serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids B. recieves the penis during coitus C. holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus D. forms the lower portion of the birth canal E. loses a portion of its lining during menstrual flow

E. loses a portion of its lining furing menstrual flow

The vagina is A. a central space surrounded by the labia minora B. the innner lining of the uterus C. the inferior portion of the uterus D. a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia E. a tube that carries ova from the overy to the uterus

D. a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia

The vulva includes all of the following except that A. mons pubis B. formix C. labia minora D. clitoris E. labia majora

B. formix

In the mammary gland, milk production occurs in the A. lobes B. lobules C. lactiferous duct D. lactiferous sinus E. lactiferous adipose tissue

B. lobules

The central space bounded by the labia minora is the A. formix B. vestibule C. hymen D. clitoris E. isthmus

B. vestibule

Fleshy folds that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibular structures is (are) the A. fornices B. ampullae C. labia majora D. mons pubis E. hymen

C. labia majora

The clitoris is A. a thin epithelial fold that partially or completely blocks the entrance to the vagina B. a fleshy fold that encircles the vestibule C. a mound of fat that is superior to the pubis D. a mass of erecticle tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora E. a shallow recess that surrounds the cervical portion of the vagina

D. a mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora

The generally dark, pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is A. clitoris B. fornix C. zona pellucida D. hymen E. areola

E. areola

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is A. LH B. FSH C. progesterone D. estradiol E. estrogen

C. progesterone

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of A. FSH B. LH C. relaxin D. estrogen and progesterone E. human chorionic gonadotropin

D, estrogen and progestrone

The developing follicle cells secrete A. estrogen B. progestrone C. FSH D. LH E. GnRH

A. estrogen

The hormone estradiol does all of the following except that it A. stimulates bone and muscle growth B. maintains female secondary sex characteristics C. stimulates the symptoms of menopause D. maintains functional accessory reproductive glands and organs E. initiates repaid and growth of the endometrium

C. stimulates the symptoms of menopause

All of the following occur at puberty in both sexes except that A. levels of FSH increase while levels of LH decrease B. gametogenesis begins C. secondary sex characteristics begin to appear D. a sex drive develops E. both A and B

A. levels of FSH increase while levels of LH decrease

At menopause all of the following occur except that A. menstrual cycles cease B. ovarian cycles cease C. the ovaries swell D. depression may set in E. "hot flashes" may occur

C. the ovaries swell

The _______ is the inferior portion of the uterus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina A. body B. cervix C. myomertrium D. fundus E. internal os

B. cervix

Which portion of the uterine tube is closest to the ovary? A. ampulla B. anterior segment C. infundibulum D. posterior segment E. isthmus

C. infundibulum

The ______ is the rounded portion of the uterine body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes A. body B. cervix C. myometrium D. fundus E. internal os

D. fundus

Oogenesis A. begins after puberty B. is completed only after the secondary oocyte has been fertilised C. produces four viable secondary oocytes from each oogonium D. is inhibited by FSH E. produces diploid gametes

B. is completed only after the seconday oocyte has been fertilised

Which portion of the uterine tube increases in size as the tubule approaches the uterus? A. ampulla B. anterior segment C. infundibulum D. posterior segment E.isthmus

A. ampulla

Somatic cells contain ______ chromosomes A. 23 pairs of B. 19 C. 46 D. 21 E. both A and C

E. both A and C

The segment of the uterine tube that connects to the uterine wall is the A. ampulla B. anterior C. infundibulum D. posterior E. isthmus

E. isthmus

The ovarian follicles are specialised structures found in the A. cortex B. ovarian follicles C. primordial follicle D. ovarian cycle E. follicle cells

A. cortex

The ovary is about \_\_\_\_\_\_cm long A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

E. 5

Perineal structures associated with the reproductive system are collectively known as A. gonads B. sex gametes C. external genitalia D. accessory glands E. labia

C. external genitalia

The completion of meiosis in males produces four spermatids each containing A. 23 chromosomes B. 23 pairs of chromosomes C. the diploid number of chromosomes D. 46 pairs of chromosomes E. 46 chromosomes

A. 23 chromosomes

A sample of female blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of pregesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin , and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing _____ of the uterine cycle A. the proliferative phase B. menses C. the secretory phase D. menarche E.menopause

C. the secretory phase

If the cells in the neurohypophysis that produce oxytocin are blocked from secreting the hormone during lactation, A. the mammary glands will not produce milk B. milk will not be ejected into the lactiferous sinuses C. the mammary glands will get smaller D. the mammary glands will produce only colostrum E. menstruation will occur

B. milk will not be ejected into the lactiferous sinuses

If the ovaries were removed from an otherwise healthy 20yr old female which of the following would you not expect to see? A. decreased blood levels of GnRH B. decreased blood levels of FSH C. decreased blood levels of LH D. incrase in menstruation E. both B and C

D. increase in menstruation

Salle is a avid jogger and she trains increasingly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. You would expect Sally to A. have heavy menstrual flows B. double ovulate C. be amenorrheic D. have painful menstrual cramps E. show elevated levels of FSH

C. be amenorrheic

Straight tubules originate at the semiinferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the A. epididymis B. ductus deferens C. rete testis D. efferent ducts E. ejaculatory ducts

C. rete testis

The spermatic cord is A. a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lympthatics that serve the testis B. a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity C. the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum D. a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac E. a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis

A. a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lympphatics that serve the testis.

Interstitial cells produce A. sperm B. inhibin C. nutrients D. androgens E. androgen-binding protein

D. androgens

The sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except that they A. maintain the blood-testis barrier B. support spermiogenesis C. secrete inhibin D. secrete tertosterone E. secrete androgen-binding protein

D. secrete testosterone

Sperm production occurs in the A. ductus deferens B. seminiferous tubules C. epididymis D. seminal vesicles E. rete testis

B. seminiferous tubules

Sperm develop from stem cells called A. spermatogonia B. primary spermatocytes C. secondary Spermatocytes D. spermatids E. spermatozoa

A. spermatongonia

As developing sperm cells begin the process of meiosis they become A. spermatognia B. spermatocytes C. spermatids D. spermatozoons E. sertoli cells

B. spermatocytes

The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called A. spermatogonia B. primary spermatocytes C. secondary spermatocytes D. spermatids E. spermatozoa

D. spermatids

The process of spermiogenesis produces A. spermatogonia B. primary spermatocytes C. secondary spermatocytes D. spermatids E. spermatozoons

E. spermatozoons

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by A. hydrosatic force B. ciliary actions C. peristaltic contractions D. suction E. segmental movements

C. peristaltic contractions

The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract. 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis The order in which the sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is A. 1,3,4,2 B. 4,3,1,2 C. 4,1,2,3 D. 4,1,3,2 E. 1,4,3,2

D. 4,1,3,2

The structures that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa and is the site of sperm maturation is the A. ductus deferens B. rete testis C. seminal vesicle D. epididymis E. prostate gland

D. epididymis

The structure that carries the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the A. ductus deferens B. epididymis C. seminal vesicle D. ejaculatory duct E. corpus cavernosum

A. ductus deferens

The tubular structure that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins and fibrinogen is the A. prostate gland B. bulbourethral gland C. seminal vesicle D. corpus cavenosum E. preputial gland

C. seminal vesicle

The structue that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the A. seminal vesicle B. bulbourethral gland C. prostate gland D. preputial gland E. Bartholins gland

C. prostate gland

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the A. seminal vesicles B. prostate glands C. preputial glands D. Bartholins glands E. bulbourethral glands

E. bulbourethral glands

Semen contains all of the following except A. spermatozoons B. seminal fluids C. prostaglandins D. spermatocytes E. enzymes

D. spermatocytes

The male organ of copulation is the A. urethra B. ejaculatory duct C. penis D. corpus cavernosum E. corpus spongiosum

C. penis

The fold of the skin that covers the glans penis is the A. ejaculatory duct B. prepuce C. corpus cavernosum D. corpus spongiosum E. penile urethra

B. prepuce

The portion of the penis that surrounds the external urtheral meatus is the A. prepuce B. glans C. corpus spongiosum D. corpus cavernosum E. corona glandis

B. glans

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the A. membranous urthera B. penile urthera C. glans penis D. corpus spongiosum E. corpus cavernosum

D. corpus spongiosum

The erectile tissue that is located on the anterior surface of the flaccid penis is the A. membranous urethra B. penile urethra C. corpus spongiosum D. corpora cavernosa E. prepuce

D. corpora cavernosa

The scrotum is A. the male organ of copulation B. the site of sperm production C. erectile tissue of the penis D. a fleshy pouch sspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus E. superior to the glans penis

D. a fleshy puch suspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus

The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to A. stimulate the intersitiual cells to produce testostorone B. stimulate the sustentacular cells to produce inhibin C. initiate sperm production in the testes D. develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics E. influenece sexual behaviours and sex drive

C. initiate sperm production in the testes

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitual cells to secrete testosterone is A. FSH B. LH C. ACTH D. ADH E. GH

B. LH

Emission A. occurs under parasympathetic stimulation B. begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla C. is responsible for propelling spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract D. involves contractions of the ischiocavernosus muscle E. both C and D

B. begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla

Contractions of the ischiocavenous and bulbacavernous muscles result in A. erection B. emission C. ejaculation D. detumescence E. orgasm

C. detumescence

For erection and ejaculation to occur A. there must be sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure B. the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the nervous system must be properly functioning C. the urinary sphincters must be open D. all of the above E. A and B only

E. A and B only

The developing male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems? A. muscular B. urinary C. endocrine D. digestive E. integumentary

B. urinary

Which of the following can be found inside the spermatic cord? A. spermatic vessels B. nerves C. lymphatic vessels D. ductus defrens E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which muscle draws the scrotal sac close to the body to control scrotal temperature? A. dartos B. inguinal C. cremaster D. ductus E. parietal

C. cremaster

During which stage of spermatogenesis do the cells begin meiosis? A. spermatogoina B. primary C. first D. secondary E. third

B. primary

During which stage of spermatogenesis are daughter cells produced? A. spermatogonia B. primary C. first D. secondary E. third

A. spermatogonia

Which of the following occurs in mitosis? A. physically mature spermatozoa appear B. fusion of nuclei occurs C. one daughter cell from each division is pushed towards the seminiferous tubule D. gamete production results E. major changes in spermatids occur

C. one daughter cell from each division is pushed towards the seminiferous tubule

Sustentacular cells contain or function in all of the following except A. secretions of MIF B. progesterone-binding protein C. spermiogenesis D. supporting meiosis E. serving as a blood-testis barrier

B. progesterone-binding protein

The ductus deferens is approx \_\_\_\_\_cm long A. 17 B. 50 C. 43 D. 5 E. 10

C. 43

Seminal fluids contain all of the following except A. prostaglandins B. protein C. fructose D. sperm E. fibrinogen

B. protein

A typical ejaculation releases approx \_\_\_\_\_\_ sperm A. 1 million B. 300 million C. 100,000 D. 500 billion E. 1 billion

B. 300 million

Testosterone and other androgens are secreted by the A. hypothalamus B. anterior lobe of the pituitary gland C. sustentacular cells D. interstitual cells E. hypophysis

D. interstitual cells

Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find mature spermatozoa? A. in the seminiferous tubules B. in the epididymis C. traveling the ductus defrens and ejaculatory duct D. in the seminal vesicles E. in the uterine tubes

C. traveling the ductus and ejaculatory duct

Contraction of the cremaster muscle A. causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac B. produces an erection C. propels sperm through the urethra D. moves sperm through the ductus defrens E. moves the testis \closer to the body cavitiy

E. moves the testis closer to the body cavitity

Contraction of the dartos muscle A. causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac B. produces an erection C. propels sperm through the urethra D. moves sperm through the ductus defrens E. moves the testis closer to the body cavitiy

A. causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac

Major functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except A. production of spermatozoa B. providing nutrients spermatozoa need for motility C. propelling spermatozoa and fluids along the reprodctuive tract D. producing buffers E. activiating the spermatozoa

A. production of spermatozoa

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituiitary such that FSH is no longer released but ICSH (LH) is normal. After the individual grows to maturity one would expect that he would A. not develop secondary sex characteristics B. be sterile C. be impotent D. have impaired function of the interstitual cells E. produce large amounts of inhibin

B. be sterile

Long term compression of the spermatic artery and vein could result in all of the following except A. decreased blood flow to the testes B. increased levels of secondary sexual characteristics C. sterility D. impotence E. decreased blood levels of testosterone

B. increased levels of secondary sexual characteristics

A male body builder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After 3 wks which of the following would you expect to observe? A. increased sex drive B. increased levels of GnRH c. increased levels of ICSH and FSH D. all of the above E. B and C only

A. increased sex drive

Sperm production A. takes over two months to complete B. yields about 300 million sperm per day C. occurs in response to FSH D. yeilds cells that a head capped by an acrosome, a middle piece full of mitochondria and a tail E. all of these are correct

E. all of these are correct

A male gonad is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

testis

The ______ is a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity

inguinal canal

The ______ is a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac

dartos muscle

Sperm cells are produced by the process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

spermatogenesis

The ______ is the part of the sperm that contains the chromosomes

head

The tail of the sperm is actually a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

flagellum

A normal sperm count ranges from approx _____ spermatozoa per milliliter

35 to 100 million

The ______ is the part of the sperm that contains the enzymes necessary for fertilization

acrosomal cap

The junction of the ampulla of the ductus defrens and the base of the seminal vesicle is called the \_\_\_\_\_

ejaculatory duct

The portion of the urethra that passes through the center of the prostate gland is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_

prostatic urethra

The portion of the urethra that penetrates the urogenital diaphragm is the \_\_\_\_\_\_

membranous urethra

The portion of the male urethra the extends from the distal border of the urogenital diaphragm to the external urethral meatus is the \_\_\_\_\_\_

penile urethra

The procedure in which the prepuce is removed from the penis is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

circumcision

The funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

infundibulum

The ______ are fingerlike projections at the end of the uterine tube

fimbriae

The expanded, initial segment of the uterine tube is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_

ampulla

The expanded portion of the uterus inferior to the uterine tube is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_

body

The inferior constricted portion of the uterus is called the \_\_\_\_\_

isthmus

The point where the uterine cavity opens into the vagina is called the \_\_\_\_\_

external orifice

The space within the uterus is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_

uterine cavity

The _____ is the inner lining of the uterus

endometrium

The internal orifice connects the uterine cavity to the \_\_\_\_\_

cervical canal

The shallow recess that surrounds the cervical protrusion into the vagina is called the \_\_\_\_\_

fornix

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are specialized structures within an ovary that contains an oocyte

ovarian follicles

Follicles that undergo the process of _____ degenerate

atresia

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium

menstruation

The ______ is the layer that undergoes the cyclic changes of the menstrual cycle

functional zone

Painful menstruation is called \_\_\_\_\_\_

dysmenorrhea

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are vaginal mucus glands that resemble the bulbourethral glands of the male

greater vestibular glands

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the organs of milk production

mammary glands

The ______ is a small, conical structure where ducts of the mammary glands open onto the body surface

nipple

The onset of menstruation at puberty is called the \_\_\_\_\_

menarche

The cessation of menstruatin that occurs during midlife is called \_\_\_\_\_\_

menopause

The _______ is an organ that provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo

uterus

How are male and female reproductive systems functionally different?

In males the gonads (testes) secrete androgens and produce half a billion gametes (sperm) each day. The sperm are mixed with secretions, forming semen and are explled from the body during ejaculation. In females, the gonads (ovaries) secrete oestrogen and progesterone and release one oocyte (gamete) every month. A sperm within the oviduct may fertilize the oocyte.

Trace the path of a sperm cell from the site of its maturation to the site where it leaves the male body. Include descriptions of fluids added along that path.

Sperm mature in the epididymis. From there, they trave; through the ductus (Vas) deferens into the abdominal cavity. The ampulla of the ductus deferens merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. Sperm and the alkaline, fructose-rich fluid from the seminal vesicle move from the ejaculatory duct into the prostatic urethra, where they are mixed with slightly acidic mucoid fluid from the prostate. Next the sperm and fluid pass through the membranous urethra and are mixed with additional alkaline secretions from the bulbourethral glands. The combination of sperm and secretions is called semen. The mixture travels through the penile urthra as it is ejaculated.

Describe the functions of testosterone

Testosterone promotes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics, protein anabolism1091, Development of sexual function (behaviour, libido, spermatogenesis), and the male pattern of development during prenatal life

Describe the roles of oestrogens and progesterone

Oestrogens stimulate the growth1091, Development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures. They stimulate the development of female secondary sex traits including the development of breasts and the pattern deposition of subcutaneous body fat. Oestrogens cause the build up of the endometrial lining that prepares the uterus for implantation of the embryo. Oestrogens also stimulate protein synthesis. Progesterone works with oestrogens to prepare the endometrium for im[lpantation and to prepare the breats for milk production. Progesterone is critical to maintaining the endometrium throughout a pregnancy.

week 13 Flashcards

(153 cards)