week 3

Question 1

1. The heart

A) is a four-chambered muscular pump.
B) is posterior to the trachea.
C) is lined with an epithelial layer called epicardium.
D) lies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum.
E) has a superior apex and an inferior base.

Answer 1

1. The heart

A) is a four-chambered muscular pump.
B) is posterior to the trachea.
C) is lined with an epithelial layer called epicardium.
D) lies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum.
E) has a superior apex and an inferior base.

Question 2

2. The pericardial sac is lined with

A) fibrous pericardium.
B) parietal pericardium.
C) visceral pericardium.
D) myocardium.
E) epicardium.

Answer 2

2. The pericardial sac is lined with

A) fibrous pericardium.
**B) parietal pericardium. **
C) visceral pericardium.
D) myocardium.
E) epicardium.

Question 3

3. The epicardium

A) covers the surface of the heart.
B) lines the walls of the ventricles.
C) is known as the fibrous pericardium.
D) attaches inferiorly to the diaphragm.
E) is also called endocardium.

Answer 3

3. The epicardium

**A) covers the surface of the heart. **
B) lines the walls of the ventricles.
C) is known as the fibrous pericardium.
D) attaches inferiorly to the diaphragm.
E) is also called endocardium.

Question 4

4. Mrs Jane Green is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When Jane asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in

A) the outer layer of the heart wall.
B) the inner lining of the heart.
C) a membranous sac that encloses the heart wall.
D) the muscular layer of the heart.
E) the lining of the mediastinum.

Answer 4

4. Mrs Jane Green is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When Jane asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in

A) the outer layer of the heart wall.
**B) the inner lining of the heart. **
C) a membranous sac that encloses the heart wall.
D) the muscular layer of the heart.
E) the lining of the mediastinum.

Question 5

5. Another name for the visceral pericardium is the

A) endocardium.
B) epicardium.
C) isocardium.
D) myocardium.
E) visocardium.

Answer 5

5. Another name for the visceral pericardium is the

A) endocardium.
**B) epicardium. **
C) isocardium.
D) myocardium.
E) visocardium.

Question 6

6. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) endocardium - covers the inner surface of the heart
B) myocardium - cardiac muscle
C) trabeculae carneae - interior walls of ventricles
D) pectinate muscles - muscles that close valves
E) chordae tendineae – connective tissue strings that connect to cusps of valves

Answer 6

6. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) endocardium - covers the inner surface of the heart
B) myocardium - cardiac muscle
C) trabeculae carneae - interior walls of ventricles
**D) pectinate muscles - muscles that close valves **
E) chordae tendineae – connective tissue strings that connect to cusps of valves

Question 7

7. A stab wound into the heart can result in cardiac tamponade. This means that

A) blood enters the pleural cavity.
B) the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac.
C) the electrical conduction system of the heart is damaged.
D) the left coronary artery has been damaged or cut.
E) the heart has lost all of its blood.

Answer 7

7. A stab wound into the heart can result in cardiac tamponade. This means that

A) blood enters the pleural cavity.
**B) the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac. **
C) the electrical conduction system of the heart is damaged.
D) the left coronary artery has been damaged or cut.
E) the heart has lost all of its blood.

Question 8

8. Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall?

A) epicardium
B) pericardium
C) endocardium
D) myocardium
E) visceral pericardium

Answer 8

8. Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall?

A) epicardium
B) pericardium
C) endocardium
**D) myocardium **
E) visceral pericardium

Question 9

9. Blood vessels enter and exit from the _____ of the heart.

A) apex
B) base
C) auricles
D) trigone
E) inferior aspect

Answer 9

9. Blood vessels enter and exit from the _____ of the heart.

A) apex
**B) base **
C) auricles
D) trigone
E) inferior aspect

Question 10

10. Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the

A) right atrium.
B) left atrium.
C) right ventricle.
D) left ventricle.
E) coronary sinus

Answer 10

10. Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the

A) right atrium.
**B) left atrium. **
C) right ventricle.
D) left ventricle.
E) coronary sinus

Question 11

11. The great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein empty into a venous cavity called the

A) pulmonary vein.
B) inferior vena cava.
C) superior vena cava.
D) coronary sinus.
E) coronary artery.

Answer 11

11. The great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein empty into a venous cavity called the

A) pulmonary vein.
B) inferior vena cava.
C) superior vena cava.
**D) coronary sinus. **
E) coronary artery.

Question 12

12. Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the left ventricle?

A) circumflex artery
B) pulmonary artery
C) right marginal artery
D) coronary sinus artery
E) right coronary artery

Answer 12

12. Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the left ventricle?

**A) circumflex artery **
B) pulmonary artery
C) right marginal artery
D) coronary sinus artery
E) right coronary artery

Question 13

13. Which of these statements is true?

A) The left coronary artery is a branch of the left pulmonary vein.
B) The coronary sinus returns blood to the left atrium.
C) The coronary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk.
D) The great cardiac vein collects blood from the anterior surface of the heart.
E) The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the left atrium.

Answer 13

13. Which of these statements is true?

A) The left coronary artery is a branch of the left pulmonary vein.
B) The coronary sinus returns blood to the left atrium.
C) The coronary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk.
**D) The great cardiac vein collects blood from the anterior surface of the heart. **
E) The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the left atrium.

Question 14

14. Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial

A) attack.
B) angina.
C) necrosis.
D) cirrhosis.
E) infarction.

Answer 14

14. Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial

A) attack.
B) angina.
C) necrosis.
D) cirrhosis.
**E) infarction. **

Question 15

15. Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

A) right atrium.
B) right ventricle.
C) left atrium.
D) left ventricle.
E) conus arteriosus.

Answer 15

15. Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

A) right atrium.
B) right ventricle.
C) left atrium.
D) left ventricle.
E) conus arteriosus.

Question 16

16. Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced

A) stimulation of the myocardium.
B) blood supply to cardiac muscle.
C) fluid in the pericardial sac.
D) contractility of the heart.
E) action potentials from SA node.

Answer 16

16. Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced

A) stimulation of the myocardium.
B) blood supply to cardiac muscle.
C) fluid in the pericardial sac.
D) contractility of the heart.
E) action potentials from SA node.

Question 17

17. The AV valve that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the

A) bicuspid or mitral valve.
B) tricuspid valve.
C) aortic semilunar valve.
D) pulmonary semilunar valve.
E) coronary sinus valve.

Answer 17

17. The AV valve that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the

**A) bicuspid or mitral valve. **
B) tricuspid valve.
C) aortic semilunar valve.
D) pulmonary semilunar valve.
E) coronary sinus valve.

Question 18

18. The valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is the

A) aortic semilunar valve.
B) pulmonary semilunar valve.
C) tricuspid valve.
D) mitral valve.
E) bicuspid valve.

Answer 18

18. The valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is the

A) aortic semilunar valve.
B) pulmonary semilunar valve.
C) tricuspid valve.
D) mitral valve.
E) bicuspid valve.

Question 19

19. Contraction of the papillary muscles would

A) eject blood from the ventricles.
B) prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria.
C) close the semilunar valves.
D) cause the atria to eject their contents into the ventricles.
E) open the semilunar valves.

Answer 19

19. Contraction of the papillary muscles would

A) eject blood from the ventricles.
**B) prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria. **
C) close the semilunar valves.
D) cause the atria to eject their contents into the ventricles.
E) open the semilunar valves.

Question 20

20. The chordae tendineae

A) connect the atria to the ventricles.
B) are found in the interventricular septum.
C) are part of the conducting system of the heart.
D) connect the flaps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles.
E) are a part of the myocardium.

Answer 20

20. The chordae tendineae

A) connect the atria to the ventricles.
B) are found in the interventricular septum.
C) are part of the conducting system of the heart.
**D) connect the flaps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles. **
E) are a part of the myocardium.

Question 21

21. The fibrous skeleton of the heart

A) helps to support the coronary arteries.
B) anchors cardiac muscle cells.
C) contains osseous tissue.
D) prevents the backflow of blood in the heart.
E) stimulates the myocardium.

Answer 21

21. The fibrous skeleton of the heart

A) helps to support the coronary arteries.
B) anchors cardiac muscle cells.
C) contains osseous tissue.
D) prevents the backflow of blood in the heart.
E) stimulates the myocardium.

Question 22

22. Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____.

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Answer 22

22. Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____.

A) aorta
**B) right atrium **
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Question 23

23. These vessels empty blood into the left atrium.

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Answer 23

23. These vessels empty blood into the left atrium.

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
**E) pulmonary veins **

Question 24

24. This blood vessel carries blood from the left ventricle.

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Answer 24

24. This blood vessel carries blood from the left ventricle.

**A) aorta **
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Question 25

25. From the right ventricle, blood flows directly into the \_\_\_\_\_. ## Footnote A) aorta B) right atrium C) pulmonary trunk D) pulmonary arteries E) pulmonary veins

Answer 25

25. From the right ventricle, blood flows directly into the \_\_\_\_\_. ## Footnote A) aorta B) right atrium **C) pulmonary trunk ** D) pulmonary arteries E) pulmonary veins

Question 26

26. These vessels transport blood to the right and left lungs. ## Footnote A) aorta B) right atrium C) pulmonary trunk D) pulmonary arteries E) pulmonary veins

Answer 26

26. These vessels transport blood to the right and left lungs. ## Footnote A) aorta B) right atrium C) pulmonary trunk **D) pulmonary arteries ** E) pulmonary veins

Question 27

27. An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the ## Footnote A) lungs. B) heart muscle. C) right ventricle. D) aorta. E) right atrium.

Answer 27

27. An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the ## Footnote **A) lungs. ** B) heart muscle. C) right ventricle. D) aorta. E) right atrium.

Question 28

28. Cardiac muscle cells ## Footnote A) have smooth ER but no T tubules. B) form the heart valves. C) are maintained by an extensive capillary network. D) develop a significant oxygen debt during systole. E) do not contain actin and myosin like skeletal muscle cells.

Answer 28

28. Cardiac muscle cells ## Footnote A) have smooth ER but no T tubules. B) form the heart valves. C) are maintained by an extensive capillary network. **D) develop a significant oxygen debt during systole.** E) do not contain actin and myosin like skeletal muscle cells.

Question 29

29. Which of the following phrases would apply to cardiac muscle cells? ## Footnote A) are organized in parallel columns or bundles B) contain actin but no myosin C) develop a significant oxygen debt during systole D) are multinucleated like skeletal muscle cells. E) possess special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated discs

Answer 29

29. Which of the following phrases would apply to cardiac muscle cells? ## Footnote A) are organized in parallel columns or bundles B) contain actin but no myosin C) develop a significant oxygen debt during systole D) are multinucleated like skeletal muscle cells. **E) possess special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated discs **

Question 30

30. Action potentials pass from one myocardial cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called ## Footnote A) gap junctions. B) fibrous heart rings. C) Electromagnetic discs. D) sarcolemma sclerotic plaques. E) tight junctions.

Answer 30

30. Action potentials pass from one myocardial cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called ## Footnote **A) gap junctions.** B) fibrous heart rings. C) Electromagnetic discs. D) sarcolemma sclerotic plaques. E) tight junctions.

Question 31

31. The "pacemaker" of the heart is the ## Footnote A) right bundle branch. B) left bundle branch. C) AV node. D) SA node. E) PM node.

Answer 31

31. The "pacemaker" of the heart is the ## Footnote A) right bundle branch. B) left bundle branch. C) AV node. **D) SA node**. E) PM node.

Question 32

32. Which of the following sequences is correct? ## Footnote A) AV node, AV bundle, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches B) Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node C) SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers D) SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers E) AV node, SA node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Answer 32

32. Which of the following sequences is correct? ## Footnote A) AV node, AV bundle, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches B) Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node **C) SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers ** D) SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers E) AV node, SA node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Question 33

33. The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the SA node because ## Footnote A) of the superior location of the SA node in the right atrium. B) the SA node is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization. C) of the rich sympathetic innervation of the SA node. D) this area depolarizes more rapidly than any other portion of the conduction system. E) of action potentials from the cardioregulatory center.

Answer 33

33. The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the SA node because ## Footnote A) of the superior location of the SA node in the right atrium. B) the SA node is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization. C) of the rich sympathetic innervation of the SA node. **D) this area depolarizes more rapidly than any other portion of the conduction system. ** E) of action potentials from the cardioregulatory center.

Question 34

34. Which of the following will depolarize immediately after the AV node depolarizes? ## Footnote A) the AV bundle B) Purkinje fibers C) atrial myocardium D) bundle branches in the ventricular septum E) the SA node

Answer 34

34. Which of the following will depolarize immediately after the AV node depolarizes? ## Footnote **A) the AV bundle ** B) Purkinje fibers C) atrial myocardium D) bundle branches in the ventricular septum E) the SA node

Question 35

35. Ventricular contraction begins at the ## Footnote A) AV bundle. B) apex of the heart. C) base of the heart. D) superior portion of the interventricular septum. E) top of the ventricles.

Answer 35

35. Ventricular contraction begins at the ## Footnote A) AV bundle. **B) apex of the heart. ** C) base of the heart. D) superior portion of the interventricular septum. E) top of the ventricles.

Question 36

36. If the SA node is nonfunctional, which of the following is most likely to occur? ## Footnote A) The heart will go into asystole (stop). B) Tachycardia will develop. C) Another portion of the heart will become the pacemaker. D) The heart will go into defibrillation. E) The heart will be desensitized.

Answer 36

36. If the SA node is nonfunctional, which of the following is most likely to occur? ## Footnote A) The heart will go into asystole (stop). B) Tachycardia will develop. **C) Another portion of the heart will become the pacemaker. ** D) The heart will go into defibrillation. E) The heart will be desensitized.

Question 37

37. The period of time in which the myocardium is insensitive to further stimulation is called the ## Footnote A) absolute refractory period. B) hyperpolarization period. C) AV period. D) SA period. E) ectopic focus.

Answer 37

37. The period of time in which the myocardium is insensitive to further stimulation is called the ## Footnote **A) absolute refractory period.** B) hyperpolarization period. C) AV period. D) SA period. E) ectopic focus.

Question 38

38. The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle ## Footnote A) prolongs depolarization of the cardiac muscle. B) prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle. C) ensures that the heart has adequate time to contract. D) prevents the heart rate from slowing down. E) prevents an increase in heart rate.

Answer 38

38. The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle ## Footnote A) prolongs depolarization of the cardiac muscle. **B) prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle**. C) ensures that the heart has adequate time to contract. D) prevents the heart rate from slowing down. E) prevents an increase in heart rate.

Question 39

39. If cardiac muscle cells are unable to repolarize, this would cause ## Footnote A) cardiac output to increase. B) no harm. These cells can spontaneously depolarize anyway. C) the heart rate to decrease. It might cause cardiac arrest. D) an increased demand on mitochondria to produce more ATP. E) tachycardia.

Answer 39

39. If cardiac muscle cells are unable to repolarize, this would cause ## Footnote A) cardiac output to increase. B) no harm. These cells can spontaneously depolarize anyway. **C) the heart rate to decrease. It might cause cardiac arrest. ** D) an increased demand on mitochondria to produce more ATP. E) tachycardia.

Question 40

40. In a normal electrocardiogram, the ## Footnote A) P wave results from repolarization of the atria. B) QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization. C) P wave occurs after the QRS complex but before the T wave. D) T wave represents depolarization of the atria. E) repolarization of the atria is clearly visible.

Answer 40

40. In a normal electrocardiogram, the ## Footnote A) P wave results from repolarization of the atria. **B) QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization. ** C) P wave occurs after the QRS complex but before the T wave. D) T wave represents depolarization of the atria. E) repolarization of the atria is clearly visible.

Question 41

41. The P wave of an ECG indicates ## Footnote A) atrial depolarization. B) atrial repolarization. C) ventricular depolarization. D) ventricular repolarization. E) threshold.

Answer 41

41. The P wave of an ECG indicates ## Footnote **A) atrial depolarization. ** B) atrial repolarization. C) ventricular depolarization. D) ventricular repolarization. E) threshold.

Question 42

42. Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular ## Footnote A) systole. B) diastole. C) fibrillation. D) ischemia. E) depolarization.

Answer 42

42. Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular ## Footnote **A) systole. ** B) diastole. C) fibrillation. D) ischemia. E) depolarization.

Question 43

43. In the cardiac cycle, ## Footnote A) the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously. B) the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract. C) the left atrium contracts before the right atrium. D) all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time. E) all four chambers of the heart are in systole at the same time.

Answer 43

43. In the cardiac cycle, ## Footnote A) the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously. **B) the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract. ** C) the left atrium contracts before the right atrium. D) all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time. E) all four chambers of the heart are in systole at the same time.

Question 44

44. The period of isovolumic contraction is immediately followed by ## Footnote A) the period of ejection. B) AV node depolarization. C) passive ventricular filling. D) atrial contraction. E) isovolumic relaxation.

Answer 44

44. The period of isovolumic contraction is immediately followed by ## Footnote **A) the period of ejection. ** B) AV node depolarization. C) passive ventricular filling. D) atrial contraction. E) isovolumic relaxation.

Question 45

45. When left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure ## Footnote A) left ventricular ejection begins. B) aortic blood pressure begins to rise. C) the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens. D) ventricular volume decreases. E) the tricuspid valve opens.

Answer 45

45. When left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure ## Footnote A) left ventricular ejection begins. B) aortic blood pressure begins to rise. **C) the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens**. D) ventricular volume decreases. E) the tricuspid valve opens.

Question 46

46. Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called ## Footnote A) ejection. B) rapid filling. C) atrial systole. D) isovolumic contraction. E) active and passive filling.

Answer 46

46. Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called ## Footnote A) ejection. B) rapid filling. C) atrial systole. **D) isovolumic contraction. ** E) active and passive filling.

Question 47

47. During the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, blood exits the left ventricle through the ## Footnote A) aorta. B) coronary sinus. C) pulmonary vein. D) superior vena cava. E) pulmonary trunk.

Answer 47

47. During the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, blood exits the left ventricle through the ## Footnote **A) aorta. ** B) coronary sinus. C) pulmonary vein. D) superior vena cava. E) pulmonary trunk.

Question 48

48. Pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pressure in the ____ before the right ventricle can eject blood. ## Footnote A) superior vena cava B) coronary sinus C) pulmonary trunk D) aorta E) pulmonary veins.

Answer 48

48. Pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pressure in the ____ before the right ventricle can eject blood. ## Footnote A) superior vena cava B) coronary sinus **C) pulmonary trunk ** D) aorta E) pulmonary veins.

Question 49

49. The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the ## Footnote A) right atrium. B) left atrium. C) right ventricle. D) left ventricle. E) coronary sinus

Answer 49

49. The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the ## Footnote A) right atrium. B) left atrium. C) right ventricle. **D) left ventricle. ** E) coronary sinus

Question 50

50. The tricuspid valve is closed ## Footnote A) during active filling of the ventricles. B) when the mitral valve is open. C) while the atria are contracting. D) during ejection. E) during passive filling of the ventricles.

Answer 50

50. The tricuspid valve is closed ## Footnote A) during active filling of the ventricles. B) when the mitral valve is open. C) while the atria are contracting. **D) during ejection. ** E) during passive filling of the ventricles.

Question 51

51. As soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta, the ## Footnote A) AV valves open. B) aortic semilunar valve opens. C) atria pump blood into the ventricles. D) ventricles pump blood into the atria. E) pulmonary semilunar valve closes.

Answer 51

51. As soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta, the ## Footnote A) AV valves open. **B) aortic semilunar valve opens. ** C) atria pump blood into the ventricles. D) ventricles pump blood into the atria. E) pulmonary semilunar valve closes.

Question 52

52. During the isovolumic contraction period of the cardiac cycle, ## Footnote A) AV and semilunar valves are closed. B) the atria are contracted. C) ventricular volume increases. D) blood is pumped into the large arteries. E) pressure in the ventricles decreases.

Answer 52

52. During the isovolumic contraction period of the cardiac cycle, ## Footnote **A) AV and semilunar valves are closed. ** B) the atria are contracted. C) ventricular volume increases. D) blood is pumped into the large arteries. E) pressure in the ventricles decreases.

Question 53

53. When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the ## Footnote A) ejection occurs. B) atria pump blood into the ventricles. C) ventricle is in diastole. D) blood is pumped into the atrium. E) AV valves close.

Answer 53

53. When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the ## Footnote A) ejection occurs. B) atria pump blood into the ventricles. C) ventricle is in diastole. D) blood is pumped into the atrium. **E) AV valves close. **

Question 54

54. What occurs during the time between the first heart sound and the second heart sound? ## Footnote A) systole. B) diastole. C) ventricular filling. D) a heart murmur. E) the P wave of the ECG.

Answer 54

54. What occurs during the time between the first heart sound and the second heart sound? ## Footnote **A) systole. ** B) diastole. C) ventricular filling. D) a heart murmur. E) the P wave of the ECG.

Question 55

55. Concerning heart sounds, which of the following is correct? ## Footnote A) The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole. B) The second heart sound is heard when the AV valves closing. C) The first heart sound is the sound of the semilunar valves closing. D) The second heart sound occurs when blood flows into the vena cavae. E) The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

Answer 55

55. Concerning heart sounds, which of the following is correct? ## Footnote **A) The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole. ** B) The second heart sound is heard when the AV valves closing. C) The first heart sound is the sound of the semilunar valves closing. D) The second heart sound occurs when blood flows into the vena cavae. E) The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

Question 56

56. Which of the following is true? ## Footnote A) Blood enters the right and left atria only during diastole. B) Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract. C) During ventricular systole, the AV valves open. D) The semilunar valves remain closed throughout ventricular systole. E) Most of end-diastolic volume comes from active filling.

Answer 56

56. Which of the following is true? ## Footnote A) Blood enters the right and left atria only during diastole. **B) Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract. ** C) During ventricular systole, the AV valves open. D) The semilunar valves remain closed throughout ventricular systole. E) Most of end-diastolic volume comes from active filling.

Question 57

57. Turbulence of blood flow through the aortic valve would give rise to ## Footnote A) the first heart sound. B) the second heart sound. C) a heart murmur. D) an extra heart beat. E) end-systolic volume.

Answer 57

57. Turbulence of blood flow through the aortic valve would give rise to ## Footnote A) the first heart sound. B) the second heart sound. **C) a heart murmur.** D) an extra heart beat. E) end-systolic volume.

Question 58

58. An incompetent mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the ## Footnote A) aorta. B) left atrium. C) left ventricle. D) coronary circulation. E) right atrium.

Answer 58

58. An incompetent mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the ## Footnote A) aorta. **B) left atrium**. C) left ventricle. D) coronary circulation. E) right atrium.

Question 59

59. The volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle is the ## Footnote A) stroke volume. B) cardiac output. C) cardiac reserve. D) end-systolic volume. E) end-diastolic volume.

Answer 59

59. The volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle is the ## Footnote **A) stroke volume. ** B) cardiac output. C) cardiac reserve. D) end-systolic volume. E) end-diastolic volume.

Question 60

60. The product of the stroke volume times the heart rate is known as the ## Footnote A) end-diastolic volume. B) end-systolic volume. C) cardiac output. D) cardiac reserve. E) venous return.

Answer 60

60. The product of the stroke volume times the heart rate is known as the ## Footnote A) end-diastolic volume. B) end-systolic volume. **C) cardiac output. ** D) cardiac reserve. E) venous return.

Question 61

61. Stimulation of the heart via the sympathetic nerves would ## Footnote A) decrease heart rate. B) decrease stroke volume. C) increase the force of ventricular contraction. D) increase end-systolic volume. E) not affect heart rate and force of contraction.

Answer 61

61. Stimulation of the heart via the sympathetic nerves would ## Footnote A) decrease heart rate. B) decrease stroke volume. **C) increase the force of ventricular contraction. ** D) increase end-systolic volume. E) not affect heart rate and force of contraction.

Question 62

62. If the heart receives more sympathetic stimulation than parasympathetic stimulation, the heart will ## Footnote A) increase its rate and force of contraction. B) contract with greater force but at a slower rate. C) decrease both its rate and force of contraction. D) contract with less force but at a faster rate. E) decrease rate, but increase force of contraction.

Answer 62

62. If the heart receives more sympathetic stimulation than parasympathetic stimulation, the heart will ## Footnote A) **increase its rate and force of contraction. ** B) contract with greater force but at a slower rate. C) decrease both its rate and force of contraction. D) contract with less force but at a faster rate. E) decrease rate, but increase force of contraction.

Question 63

63. Which of the following factors would cause an increase in heart rate? ## Footnote A) increased parasympathetic stimulation B) stimulation of baroreceptors in the aorta C) increased epinephrine (adrenalin) release from the adrenal medulla D) increased production of atrial natriuretic factor E) vagal stimulation

Answer 63

63. Which of the following factors would cause an increase in heart rate? ## Footnote A) increased parasympathetic stimulation B) stimulation of baroreceptors in the aorta **C) increased epinephrine (adrenalin) release from the adrenal medulla ** D) increased production of atrial natriuretic factor E) vagal stimulation

Question 64

64. Which of the following will increase the heart rate? ## Footnote A) a rise in pH B) an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood C) an increase in the level of blood oxygen D) an increase in blood pressure E) a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 64

64. Which of the following will increase the heart rate? ## Footnote A) a rise in pH **B) an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood ** C) an increase in the level of blood oxygen D) an increase in blood pressure E) a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 65

65. The cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in the ## Footnote A) hypothalamus. B) medulla oblongata. C) cerebellum. D) cerebrum. E) diencephalons.

Answer 65

65. The cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in the ## Footnote A) hypothalamus. **B) medulla oblongata. ** C) cerebellum. D) cerebrum. E) diencephalons.

Question 66

66. Chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide levels are primarily located in the ## Footnote A) renal arteries. B) carotid arteries. C) right atrium. D) left ventricle. E) jugular veins.

Answer 66

66. Chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide levels are primarily located in the ## Footnote A) renal arteries. **B) carotid arteries.** C) right atrium. D) left ventricle. E) jugular veins.

Question 67

72. The smooth inner lining of the heart chambers is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 67

72. The smooth inner lining of the heart chambers is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: endocardium

Question 68

73. Blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 68

73. Blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: pulmonary vein

Question 69

74. The _______________________ carries blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Answer 69

74. The _______________________ carries blood from the left ventricle to the body. Answer: aorta

Question 70

75. A spontaneously developing local potential in the SA node is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 70

75. A spontaneously developing local potential in the SA node is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: prepotential

Question 71

76. A heart rate in excess of 100 bpm is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 71

76. A heart rate in excess of 100 bpm is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: tachycardia

Question 72

77. Cardiac output is equal to heart rate times ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 72

77. Cardiac output is equal to heart rate times ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: stroke volume

Question 73

78. A slower-than-normal heart rate is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 73

78. A slower-than-normal heart rate is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: bradycardia

Question 74

79. The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 74

79. The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: cardiac cycle

Question 75

80. The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 75

80. The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: systole

Question 76

81. The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 76

81. The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: diastole

Question 77

82. An abnormal pattern of cardiac activity is known as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 77

82. An abnormal pattern of cardiac activity is known as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: arrhythmia

Question 78

83. Abnormal heart sounds are.called __________________________ .

Answer 78

83. Abnormal heart sounds are.called __________________________ . Answer: Murmurs

Question 79

84. Contraction begins at the apex of the ventricles and spreads to the base of the ventricles. Why is this an efficient arrangement?

Answer 79

Answer: Because of the spiral arrangement of the muscle layers in the heart wall, contraction of the myocardium begins near the apex and a wringing action proceeds from apex to base. This wringing action moves the blood toward the base of the heart, where the large arteries that serve as exits from the ventricles are located. Level: 2

Question 80

85. In most tissues peak blood flow occurs during systole and decreases during diastole. However, in myocardial tissue the opposite is true. Explain why increased blood flow during diastole is an advantage for myocardial tissue.

Answer 80

Answer: The contraction of the heart muscle compresses the coronary vessels where they penetrate the muscular heart wall. This partially or totally occludes these vessels for the short time of contraction. However, during diastole, the vessels are not compressed. The increased blood flow removes the waste products that have accumulated, and brings nutrients and oxygen to the cells to be used in the next contraction. Level: 3

Question 81

86. A man enters the hospital complaining of chest pain. His history includes smoking, a stress-related job, a diet heavy in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and high blood pressure. Although he is not suffering from a heart attack, his doctor explains to him that he is a prime candidate for a heart attack. Why?

Answer 81

Answer: Chest pain or angina pectoralis indicates that there is a reduction in the oxygen supply to the myocardium. The history of this patient includes some of the major high-risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. The history, coupled with the angina, indicates that the patient may already have partially occluded coronary arteries. If the reduction in oxygen supply is severe enough, cardiac muscle cells will die and a myocardial infarction or heart attack will occur. Level: 3

Question 82

87. Epinephrine (Adrenalin) is frequently given to heart attack victims. Explain why administration of epinephrine would be helpful in this situation.

Answer 82

Answer: In a heart attack, there is reduced blood flow. One of the many effects of epinephrine is to dilate small coronary arteries and arterioles. This would increase blood flow to the myocardium and possibly reduce damage. Level: 3