week 2

Question 1

1. The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following, except

A) lymphatic vessels.
B) the thyroid gland.
C) the spleen.
D) lymph nodes.
E) lymph.

Answer 1

1. The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following, except

A) lymphatic vessels.
B) the thyroid gland.
C) the spleen.
D) lymph nodes.
E) lymph.

Question 2

2. The primary function of the lymphatic system is

A) circulation of nutrients.
B) the transport of hormones.
C) the production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes.
D) the production, maintenance, and distribution of plasma proteins.
E) both C and D

Answer 2

2. The primary function of the lymphatic system is

A) circulation of nutrients.
B) the transport of hormones.
**C) the production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes. **
D) the production, maintenance, and distribution of plasma proteins.
E) both C and D

Question 3

3. The lymphatic system does all of the following, except

A) helps maintain normal blood volume.
B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.
C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.
D) transports lipids from the digestive tract.
E) fights infection.

Answer 3

3. The lymphatic system does all of the following, except

A) helps maintain normal blood volume.
**B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. **
C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.
D) transports lipids from the digestive tract.
E) fights infection.

Question 4

4. Lymph nodes do all of the following, except

A) produce antibodies.
B) monitor the contents of lymph.
C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
D) act as a “way station” for cancer cells.
E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Answer 4

4. Lymph nodes do all of the following, except

A) produce antibodies.
B) monitor the contents of lymph.
C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
D) act as a “way station” for cancer cells.
E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Question 5

5. Lymphocytes are located in each of the following tissues or organs, except the

A) tonsils.
B) spleen.
C) lymph nodes.
D) brain.
E) thymus gland.

Answer 5

5. Lymphocytes are located in each of the following tissues or organs, except the

A) tonsils.
B) spleen.
C) lymph nodes.
D) brain.
E) thymus gland.

Question 6

6. ___________________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

A) Tonsils
B) Peyer’s patches
C) Lymph nodes
D) Immune complexes
E) Spleens

Answer 6

6. ___________________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

**A) Tonsils **
B) Peyer’s patches
C) Lymph nodes
D) Immune complexes
E) Spleens

Question 7

7. Characteristics of specific defenses include

A) versatility.
B) tolerance.
C) memory.
D) specificity.
E) all of the above

Answer 7

7. Characteristics of specific defenses include

A) versatility.
B) tolerance.
C) memory.
D) specificity.
**E) all of the above **

Question 8

8. Microphages include

A) microglia.
B) Kupffer cells.
C) neutrophils.
D) Langerhans cells.
E) monocytes.

Answer 8

8. Microphages include

A) microglia.
B) Kupffer cells.
C) neutrophils.
D) Langerhans cells.
E) monocytes.

Question 9

9. All of the various macrophages are derived from

A) lymphocytes.
B) monocytes.
C) neutrophils.
D) eosinophils.
E) basophils.

Answer 9

9. All of the various macrophages are derived from

A) lymphocytes.
**B) monocytes. **
C) neutrophils.
D) eosinophils.
E) basophils.

Question 10

10. The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except

A) destruction of target cell membranes.
B) stimulation of inflammation.
C) deactivation of the immune response.
D) opsonization.
E) chemotaxis.

Answer 10

10. The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except

A) destruction of target cell membranes.
B) stimulation of inflammation.
**C) deactivation of the immune response. **
D) opsonization.
E) chemotaxis.

Question 11

11. Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ____________ immunity.

A) active
B) natural passive
C) passive
D) auto
E) innate

Answer 11

11. Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ____________ immunity.

A) active
B) natural passive
C) passive
D) auto
**E) innate **

Question 12

12. Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called _____ immunity.

A) active
B) natural passive
C) passive
D) auto
E) innate

Answer 12

12. Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called _____ immunity.

A) active
**B) natural passive **
C) passive
D) auto
E) innate

Question 13

13. The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are _______________ cells.

A) NK
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Answer 13

13. The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are _______________ cells.

A) NK
**B) plasma **
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Question 14

14. The cells responsible for cellular immunity are the _____________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Answer 14

14. The cells responsible for cellular immunity are the _____________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
**D) cytotoxic T **
E) suppressor T

Question 15

15. The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the _______________ cells.

A) NK
B) B
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Answer 15

15. The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the _______________ cells.

A) NK
**B) B **
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Question 16

16. Stem cells that will form B cells and NK cells are found in the

A) bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.

Answer 16

16. Stem cells that will form B cells and NK cells are found in the

**A) bone marrow. **
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.

Question 17

17. Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are ____________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Answer 17

17. Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are ____________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
**D) cytotoxic T **
E) suppressor T

Question 18

18. Cells that help regulate the immune response are _____________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) NK

Answer 18

18. Cells that help regulate the immune response are _____________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
**C) helper T **
D) cytotoxic T
E) NK

Question 19

19. Suppressor T cells act to

A) suppress antigens.
B) limit the degree of memory in memory T cells.
C) limit antigen proliferation.
D) depress the responses of other T cells and B cells.
E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

Answer 19

19. Suppressor T cells act to

A) suppress antigens.
B) limit the degree of memory in memory T cells.
C) limit antigen proliferation.
**D) depress the responses of other T cells and B cells. **
E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

Question 20

20. The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the _____ cells.

A) NK (natural killers)
B) plasma
C) B
D) helper T
E) suppressor T

Answer 20

20. The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the _____ cells.

**A) NK **
B) plasma
C) B
D) helper T
E) suppressor T

Question 21

21. Stem cells that will form T cells are modified in the

A) bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.

Answer 21

21. Stem cells that will form T cells are modified in the

A) bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
**D) thymus. **
E) kidneys.

Question 22

22. The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in

A) neutralization of the antigen.
B) agglutination or precipitation.
C) complement activation and opsonization.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Answer 22

22. The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in

A) neutralization of the antigen.
B) agglutination or precipitation.
C) complement activation and opsonization.
**D) all of the above **
E) A and B only

Question 23

23. The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response.
24. Several cycles of mitosis occur.
25. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.
26. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.
27. Undifferentiated T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.
28. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and T memory cells.
29. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

The correct sequence for these steps is

A) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2.
B) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6.
C) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6.
D) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6.
E) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2.

Answer 23

23. The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response.
24. Several cycles of mitosis occur.
25. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.
26. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.
27. Undifferentiated T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.
28. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and T memory cells.
29. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

The correct sequence for these steps is

A) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2.
**B) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6. **
C) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6.
D) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6.
E) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2.

Question 24

24. Helper T cells do all of the following, except

A) promote B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production.
B) encode the antigenic genetic information for use during future exposures to the antigen.
C) stimulate T-cell divisions that produce memory T cells and accelerate maturation of cytotoxic T cells.
D) attract and stimulate the activity of NK cells.
E) enhance nonspecific defenses.

Answer 24

24. Helper T cells do all of the following, except

A) promote B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production.
**B) encode the antigenic genetic information for use during future exposures to the antigen. **
C) stimulate T-cell divisions that produce memory T cells and accelerate maturation of cytotoxic T cells.
D) attract and stimulate the activity of NK cells.
E) enhance nonspecific defenses.

Question 25

25. During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except ## Footnote A) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. B) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

Answer 25

25. During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except ## Footnote A) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. B) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. **D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. ** E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

Question 26

26. All of the following are true of the secondary or anamnestic response of humoral immunity, except that it ## Footnote A) involves memory B cells. B) results in elevated titers of antibodies sooner than in the primary response. C) generally prevents a person from showing symptoms of the disease. D) can occur even if the second exposure occurs years after the initial exposure. E) promotes an increased susceptibility to immune system failure.

Answer 26

26. All of the following are true of the secondary or anamnestic response of humoral immunity, except that it ## Footnote A) involves memory B cells. B) results in elevated titers of antibodies sooner than in the primary response. C) generally prevents a person from showing symptoms of the disease. D) can occur even if the second exposure occurs years after the initial exposure. **E) promotes an increased susceptibility to immune system failure. **

Question 27

27. The following is a list of the stages that occur during a bacterial infection. 1. Cytotoxic T cells appear. 2. Inflammation, lymphokines, and monokines attract phagocytes. 3. Neutrophils and NK cells migrate into the infected area. 4. B cells differentiate and the number of plasma cells increases. 5. A gradual, sustained increase in antibodies occurs. The proper sequence for these steps is A) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5. B) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5. C) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3. D) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5. E) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5.

Answer 27

27. The following is a list of the stages that occur during a bacterial infection. 1. Cytotoxic T cells appear. 2. Inflammation, lymphokines, and monokines attract phagocytes. 3. Neutrophils and NK cells migrate into the infected area. 4. B cells differentiate and the number of plasma cells increases. 5. A gradual, sustained increase in antibodies occurs. The proper sequence for these steps is A) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5. B) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5. C) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3. **D) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5**. E) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5.

Question 28

28. Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except ## Footnote A) interleukins. B) interferons. C) natriuretic factor. D) chemicals that regulate phagocytes. E) tumor necrosis factors.

Answer 28

28. Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except ## Footnote A) interleukins. B) interferons. C) natriuretic factor. D) chemicals that regulate phagocytes. **E) tumor necrosis factors. **

Question 29

29. Interleukins do all of the following, except ## Footnote A) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. B) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. C) stimulate inflammation. D) elevate body temperature. E) stimulate fibrin formation.

Answer 29

29. Interleukins do all of the following, except ## Footnote A) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. B) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. C) stimulate inflammation. D) elevate body temperature. **E) stimulate fibrin formation. **

Question 30

30. Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include ## Footnote A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. B) more cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) increased numbers of T helper cells. D) higher levels of antibody after initial exposure to antigens. E) increased number of Langerhans cells.

Answer 30

30. Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include ## Footnote **A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. ** B) more cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) increased numbers of T helper cells. D) higher levels of antibody after initial exposure to antigens. E) increased number of Langerhans cells.

Question 31

31. The body’s lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except ## Footnote A) the tonsils. B) lymphoid tissues. C) lymphoid organs. D) the spleen and thymus. E) the kidneys.

Answer 31

31. The body’s lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except ## Footnote A) the tonsils. B) lymphoid tissues. C) lymphoid organs. D) the spleen and thymus. **E) the kidneys. **

Question 32

32. One major difference between a virus and a parasite is that ## Footnote A) viruses are killed with antibiotics. B) viruses usually live within a cell and then destroy their host. C) parasites live within a cell more often than viruses. D) both A and C E) none of the above

Answer 32

32. One major difference between a virus and a parasite is that ## Footnote A) viruses are killed with antibiotics. **B) viruses usually live within a cell and then destroy their host.** C) parasites live within a cell more often than viruses. D) both A and C E) none of the above

Question 33

33. Lymphocyte production involves ## Footnote A) bone marrow. B) thymus tissue. C) peripheral lymphoid tissues. D) all of the above E) none of the above

Answer 33

33. Lymphocyte production involves ## Footnote A) bone marrow. B) thymus tissue. C) peripheral lymphoid tissues. **D) all of the above ** E) none of the above

Question 34

34. Nonspecific defenses include ## Footnote A) those present at birth. B) physical barriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. E) all of the above

Answer 34

34. Nonspecific defenses include ## Footnote A) those present at birth. B) physical barriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. **E) all of the above **

Question 35

35. Specific defences depend on the activities of ## Footnote A) monocytes. B) leukocytes. C) agranulocytes. D) erythrocytes. E) lymphocytes.

Answer 35

35. Specific defences depend on the activities of ## Footnote A) monocytes. B) leukocytes. C) agranulocytes. D) erythrocytes. **E) lymphocytes. **

Question 36

36. Examples of physical barriers that you have against pathogens include ## Footnote A) sebaceous glands. B) hair. C) epithelium. D) epidermal surface of the skin. E) all of the above

Answer 36

36. Examples of physical barriers that you have against pathogens include ## Footnote A) sebaceous glands. B) hair. C) epithelium. D) epidermal surface of the skin. **E) all of the above **

Question 37

37. Inflammation produces localized ## Footnote A) swelling. B) redness. C) heat. D) pain. E) all of the above

Answer 37

37. Inflammation produces localized ## Footnote A) swelling. B) redness. C) heat. D) pain. **E) all of the above **

Question 38

38. Fever can be described as the maintenance of body temperature greater than ## Footnote A) 37.2C. B) 99F. C) 98.6F. D) both A and C E) both A and B

Answer 38

38. Fever can be described as the maintenance of body temperature greater than ## Footnote A) 37.2C. B) 99F. C) 98.6F. D) both A and C **E) both A and B **

Question 39

39. Antibodies are primarily effective against _____ rather than \_\_\_\_\_. A) viruses; pathogens B) bacteria; viruses C) viruses; bacteria D) pathogens; viruses E) none of the above

Answer 39

39. Antibodies are primarily effective against _____ rather than \_\_\_\_\_. ## Footnote A) viruses; pathogens **B) bacteria; viruses ** C) viruses; bacteria D) pathogens; viruses E) none of the above

Question 40

40. Lymphoid stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes occur in the ## Footnote A) bloodstream. B) thymus. C) bone marrow. D) spleen. E) intestines.

Answer 40

40. Lymphoid stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes occur in the ## Footnote A) bloodstream. B) thymus. **C) bone marrow. ** D) spleen. E) intestines.

Question 41

41. A painless accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 41

41. A painless accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: lymphoedema

Question 42

42. An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphoid nodules in the appendix is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 42

42. An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphoid nodules in the appendix is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: appendicitis

Question 43

43. The immune system is said to exhibit ___________________ toward those agents that do not stimulate an immune response.

Answer 43

43. The immune system is said to exhibit ___________________ toward those agents that do not stimulate an immune response. Answer: tolerance

Question 44

44. In an ________________________ either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked.

Answer 44

44. In an ________________________ either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked. Answer: immunodeficiency disease

Question 45

45. _______________________ develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

Answer 45

45. _______________________ develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues. Answer: Autoimmune disorders

Question 46

46. Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 46

46. Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: allergens

Question 47

47. The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 47

47. The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: agglutination

Question 48

48. _____________ cells enable the immune system to respond more quickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

Answer 48

48. _____________ cells enable the immune system to respond more quickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Answer: Memory

Question 49

49. The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 49

49. The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: precipitation

Question 50

50. When an antibody binds to its proper antigen a(n) ________________________ is formed.

Answer 50

50. When an antibody binds to its proper antigen a(n) ________________________ is formed. Answer: antibody–antigen complex

Question 51

51. Any compound that can stimulate the body to produce antibodies is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 51

51. Any compound that can stimulate the body to produce antibodies is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: antigen

Question 52

52. ______________ are antibodies found in body fluids.

Answer 52

52. ______________ are antibodies found in body fluids. Answer: Immunoglobulins

Question 53

53. The ability of certain phagocytes to move through the wall of a capillary is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 53

53. The ability of certain phagocytes to move through the wall of a capillary is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answer: diapedesis

Question 54

54. ________________ are fixed macrophages located in the epithelia of the skin.

Answer 54

54. ________________ are fixed macrophages located in the epithelia of the skin. Answer: Langerhans cells

Question 55

55. The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to a site of inflammation is called __________________ .

Answer 55

55. The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to a site of inflammation is called __________________ . Answer: chemotaxis