week8

Question 1

1. What does “A” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Answer 1

1. What does “A” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Question 2

2. What does “B” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Answer 2

2. What does “B” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Question 3

3. What does “C” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Answer 3

3. What does “C” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Question 4

4. What does “D” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Answer 4

4. What does “D” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Question 5

5. What does “E” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Answer 5

5. What does “E” represent on the diagram?
   A) small intestine
   B) large intestine
   C) oesophagus
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Question 6

6. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
   A) cellular respiration
   B) food selection
   C) elimination of undigested food
   D) regulation of blood pH
   E) integration and coordination of other systems

Answer 6

6. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
   A) cellular respiration
   B) food selection
   **C) elimination of undigested food **
   D) regulation of blood pH
   E) integration and coordination of other systems

Question 7

7. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?
   A) salivary gland
   B) liver
   C) gallbladder
   D) stomach
   E) pancreas

Answer 7

7. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?
   A) salivary gland
   B) liver
   C) gallbladder
   **D) stomach **
   E) pancreas

Question 8

8. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
   A) skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.
   B) the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.
   C) in direct contact with the food that is consumed.
   D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres.
   E) connective tissue and the peritoneum.

Answer 8

8. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
   A) skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.
   B) the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.
   C) in direct contact with the food that is consumed.
   **D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres. **
   E) connective tissue and the peritoneum.

Question 9

9. The enteric plexus
   A) is found in the mucosa.
   B) consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.
   C) contains sympathetic neurons and fibREs.
   D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
   E) is a valve in the GI tract.

Answer 9

9. The enteric plexus
   A) is found in the mucosa.
   B) consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.
   C) contains sympathetic neurons and fibREs.
   **D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract. **
   E) is a valve in the GI tract.

Question 10

10. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
    A) mucosa
    B) muscularis
    C) submucosa
    D) serosa
    E) peritoneum

Answer 10

10. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
    **A) mucosa **
    B) muscularis
    C) submucosa
    D) serosa
    E) peritoneum

Question 11

11. Which of the following is correctly matched?
    A) mucosa - controls peristalsis
    B) serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
    C) submucosa - lamina propria
    D) serosa - increased surface area
    E) muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

Answer 11

11. Which of the following is correctly matched?
    A) mucosa - controls peristalsis
    B) serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
    C) submucosa - lamina propria
    D) serosa - increased surface area
    **E) muscularis - responsible for peristalsis **

Question 12

12. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.
    A) mucosa
    B) serosa
    C) submucosa
    D) muscularis externa
    E) adventitia

Answer 12

12. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.
    A) mucosa
    B) serosa
    C) submucosa
    **D) muscularis externa **
    E) adventitia

Question 13

13. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
    A) submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.
    B) muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.
    C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
    D) peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.
    E) submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis

Answer 13

13. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
    A) submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.
    B) muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.
    **C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. **
    D) peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.
    E) submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis

Question 14

14. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
    A) liquefying and digesting the food.
    B) vitamin A and D production and storage.
    C) distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
    D) insulin production.
    E) bile production.

Answer 14

14. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
    **A) liquefying and digesting the food. **
    B) vitamin A and D production and storage.
    C) distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
    D) insulin production.
    E) bile production.

Question 15

15. Arrange the following processes in proper sequence:
16. digestion
17. elimination
18. ingestion
19. absorption
    A) 3, 4, 2, 1
    B) 1, 4, 3, 2
    C) 4, 1, 2, 3
    D) 3, 4, 1, 2
    E) 3, 1, 4, 2

Answer 15

15. Arrange the following processes in proper sequence:
16. digestion
17. elimination
18. ingestion
19. absorption
    A) 3, 4, 2, 1
    B) 1, 4, 3, 2
    C) 4, 1, 2, 3
    D) 3, 4, 1, 2
    **E) 3, 1, 4, 2 **

Question 16

16. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
    A) chemical digestion
    B) mass movements
    C) mastication
    D) mixing waves
    E) neutralization

Answer 16

16. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
    A) chemical digestion
    **B) mass movements **
    C) mastication
    D) mixing waves
    E) neutralization

Question 17

17. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
    A) mastication of food.
    B) absorption of food.
    C) elimination of undigested food.
    D) propulsion of food through the digestive tract.
    E) mixing of food

Answer 17

17. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
    A) mastication of food.
    **B) absorption of food. **
    C) elimination of undigested food.
    D) propulsion of food through the digestive tract.
    E) mixing of food

Question 18

18. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during
    A) the voluntary phase of swallowing.
    B) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
    C) the oesophageal phase of swallowing.
    D) the gastric phase of swallowing.
    E) the oral phase of swallowing.

Answer 18

18. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during
    A) the voluntary phase of swallowing.
    B) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
    C) the oesophageal phase of swallowing.
    D) the gastric phase of swallowing.
    E) the oral phase of swallowing.

Question 19

19. The abdominal cavity is lined with
    A) the omental bursa.
    B) mesenteries.
    C) the greater omentum.
    D) parietal peritoneum.
    E) superficial fascia

Answer 19

19. The abdominal cavity is lined with
    A) the omental bursa.
    B) mesenteries.
    C) the greater omentum.
    **D) parietal peritoneum. **
    E) superficial fascia

Question 20

20. Saliva
    A) is produced only when there is food in the mouth.
    B) increases ulceration in the mouth.
    C) is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.
    D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
    E) does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.

Answer 20

20. Saliva
    A) is produced only when there is food in the mouth.
    B) increases ulceration in the mouth.
    C) is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.
    **D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. **
    E) does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.

Question 21

21. The oral cavity
    A) opens into the nasopharynx.
    B) directly connects with the oesophagus.
    C) contains the parotid salivary glands.
    D) has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
    E) is lined with cuboidal epithelium.

Answer 21

21. The oral cavity
    A) opens into the nasopharynx.
    B) directly connects with the oesophagus.
    C) contains the parotid salivary glands.
    **D) has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks. **
    E) is lined with cuboidal epithelium.

Question 22

22. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
    A) speech and swallowing.
    B) mastication and speech.
    C) mastication and swallowing.
    D) mastication and sense of taste.
    E) deglutition and peristalsis

Answer 22

22. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
    A) speech and swallowing.
    **B) mastication and speech. **
    C) mastication and swallowing.
    D) mastication and sense of taste.
    E) deglutition and peristalsis

Question 23

23. The tongue
    A) secretes saliva.
    B) plays a major role in swallowing.
    C) contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.
    D) is attached to the hard palate.
    E) functions in deglutition apnoea.

Answer 23

23. The tongue
    A) secretes saliva.
    **B) plays a major role in swallowing. **
    C) contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.
    D) is attached to the hard palate.
    E) functions in deglutition apnoea.

Question 24

24. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
    A) uvula
    B) constrictor muscles
    C) papillae and taste buds
    D) periodontal ligament
    E) fauces

Answer 24

24. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
    A) uvula
    B) constrictor muscles
    **C) papillae and taste buds **
    D) periodontal ligament
    E) fauces

Question 25

25. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue A) are more easily swallowed. B) can be detected by taste buds. C) are quickly dissolved and absorbed. D) are then easy to chew. E) are not readily absorbed.

Answer 25

25. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue A) are more easily swallowed. B) can be detected by taste buds. **C) are quickly dissolved and absorbed**. D) are then easy to chew. E) are not readily absorbed.

Question 26

26. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the A) epiglottis. B) palatine tonsils. C) tongue. D) soft palate. E) hard palate.

Answer 26

26. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the A) epiglottis. B) palatine tonsils. C) tongue. **D) soft palate.** E) hard palate.

Question 27

27. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A) parotid glands. B) sublingual glands. C) buccal glands. D) labial glands. E) lacrimal glands.

Answer 27

27. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A) parotid glands. **B) sublingual glands. ** C) buccal glands. D) labial glands. E) lacrimal glands.

Question 28

28. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the A) parotid glands. B) submandibular glands. C) buccal glands. D) labial glands. E) sublingual glands.

Answer 28

28. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the **A) parotid glands. ** B) submandibular glands. C) buccal glands. D) labial glands. E) sublingual glands.

Question 29

29. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are A) flushing and protein digestion. B) swallowing and fat digestion. C) peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion. D) moistening and starch digestion. E) none of the above

Answer 29

29. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are A) flushing and protein digestion. B) swallowing and fat digestion. C) peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion. **D) moistening and starch digestion. ** E) none of the above

Question 30

30. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. B) vagus nerve. C) taste centers of the medulla. D) intercostal nerves. E) trigeminal nerve.

Answer 30

30. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the **A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. ** B) vagus nerve. C) taste centers of the medulla. D) intercostal nerves. E) trigeminal nerve.

Question 31

31. Mastication A) increases the surface area of food particles. B) decreases the efficiency of digestion. C) occurs in both the mouth and stomach. D) is never under voluntary control. E) decreases the surface area of food particles.

Answer 31

31. Mastication **A) increases the surface area of food particles**. B) decreases the efficiency of digestion. C) occurs in both the mouth and stomach. D) is never under voluntary control. E) decreases the surface area of food particles.

Question 32

32. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? A) The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx. B) In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx. C) The uvula rises during the oesophageal phase. D) Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing. E) Breathing occurs during swallowing.

Answer 32

32. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? A) The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx. **B) In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx. ** C) The uvula rises during the oesophageal phase. D) Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing. E) Breathing occurs during swallowing.

Question 33

33. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid? A) laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx B) relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity C) the tongue might be swallowed D) nothing - swallowing will be normal E) peristalsis will not begin

Answer 33

33. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid? A) laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx **B) relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity ** C) the tongue might be swallowed D) nothing - swallowing will be normal E) peristalsis will not begin

Question 34

34. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) oesophagus. E) larynx.

Answer 34

34. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the A) nasopharynx. **B) oropharynx**. C) laryngopharynx. D) oesophagus. E) larynx.

Question 35

35. The oesophagus A) extends from the fauces to the stomach. B) has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing. C) produces two enzymes that digest proteins. D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. E) has thin walls of connective tissue.

Answer 35

35. The oesophagus A) extends from the fauces to the stomach. B) has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing. C) produces two enzymes that digest proteins. **D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. ** E) has thin walls of connective tissue.

Question 36

36. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function? A) mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor B) parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid C) chief cells - produce mucous D) endocrine cells - produce enzymes E) chief cells – produce hormones

Answer 36

36. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function? A) mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor **B) parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid ** C) chief cells - produce mucous D) endocrine cells - produce enzymes E) chief cells – produce hormones

Question 37

37. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description? A) body - portion closest to the oesophagus B) pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach C) fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum D) cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach E) pyloric opening - opening from the oesophagus

Answer 37

37. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description? A) body - portion closest to the oesophagus **B) pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach ** C) fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum D) cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach E) pyloric opening - opening from the oesophagus

Question 38

38. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of A) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter. B) contraction of the pyloric sphincter. C) spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall. D) increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells. E) increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.

Answer 38

38. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of **A) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter. ** B) contraction of the pyloric sphincter. C) spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall. D) increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells. E) increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.

Question 39

39. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent A) food from entering the stomach. B) stomach acid from being released. C) digestive enzymes from being released. D) food from entering the small intestine. E) the making of chyme.

Answer 39

39. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent A) food from entering the stomach. B) stomach acid from being released. C) digestive enzymes from being released. **D) food from entering the small intestine**. E) the making of chyme.

Question 40

40. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? A) amylase and lipase B) pepsinogen and intrinsic factor C) bile and lipase D) trypsin and amylase E) bicarbonate and secretin

Answer 40

40. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? A) amylase and lipase **B) pepsinogen and intrinsic factor ** C) bile and lipase D) trypsin and amylase E) bicarbonate and secretin

Question 41

41. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? A) muscularis - two layers; both circular B) rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa C) mucosa - gastric glands D) gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa E) lining - simple columnar epithelium

Answer 41

41. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? **A) muscularis - two layers; both circular ** B) rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa C) mucosa - gastric glands D) gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa E) lining - simple columnar epithelium

Question 42

42. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself? A) The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it. B) The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough. C) The stomach lining is too tough to be digested. D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus. E) The stomach is protected by HCl.

Answer 42

42. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself? A) The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it. B) The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough. C) The stomach lining is too tough to be digested. **D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus**. E) The stomach is protected by HCl.

Question 43

43. Intrinsic factor A) increases gastric motility. B) causes the release of stomach acid. C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12. D) protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. E) stimulates the synthesis of DNA.

Answer 43

43. Intrinsic factor A) increases gastric motility. B) causes the release of stomach acid. **C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12. ** D) protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. E) stimulates the synthesis of DNA.

Question 44

44. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? A) activation of salivary amylase B) enhanced carbohydrate digestion C) proper environment for functioning of pepsin D) protein synthesis E) lipid digestion

Answer 44

44. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? A) activation of salivary amylase B) enhanced carbohydrate digestion **C) proper environment for functioning of pepsin ** D) protein synthesis E) lipid digestion

Question 45

45. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. B) exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process. C) active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. D) exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions. E) the combination of carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 45

45. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the **A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.** B) exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process. C) active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. D) exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions. E) the combination of carbon dioxide and water.

Question 46

46. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that? 1. decreased gastric acid secretion 2. increased bile production 3. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion 4. increased secretin and cholecystokinin A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 3, 4 E) 1, 2, 4

Answer 46

46. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that? 1. decreased gastric acid secretion 2. increased bile production 3. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion 4. increased secretin and cholecystokinin **A) 1, 2, 3, 4 ** B) 1, 2, 3 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 3, 4 E) 1, 2, 4

Question 47

47. Pepsinogen A) is secreted by parietal cells. B) is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food. C) is packaged in zymogen granules. D) operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more. E) helps to form peptide bonds.

Answer 47

47. Pepsinogen A) is secreted by parietal cells. B) is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food. C) **is packaged in zymogen granules**. D) operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more. E) helps to form peptide bonds.

Question 48

48. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase. A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) pancreatic E) conscious

Answer 48

48. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase. **A) cephalic ** B) gastric C) intestinal D) pancreatic E) conscious

Question 49

49. The gastric phase of gastric secretion A) decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach. B) is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food. C) is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves. D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion. E) leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.

Answer 49

49. The gastric phase of gastric secretion A) decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach. B) is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food. C) is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves. **D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion. ** E) leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.

Question 50

50. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the A) cephalic phase of gastric secretion. B) gastric phase of gastric secretion. C) intestinal phase of gastric secretion. D) cystic phase of gastric secretion. E) hepatic phase of gastric secretion.

Answer 50

50. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the A) cephalic phase of gastric secretion. **B) gastric phase of gastric secretion. ** C) intestinal phase of gastric secretion. D) cystic phase of gastric secretion. E) hepatic phase of gastric secretion.

Question 51

51. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. B) leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2. C) only stimulates gastric secretion. D) will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum. E) is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.

Answer 51

51. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion **A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. ** B) leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2. C) only stimulates gastric secretion. D) will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum. E) is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.

Question 52

52. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called A) bolusin. B) chyme. C) bile. D) phlegm. E) feces.

Answer 52

52. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called A) bolusin. **B) chyme. ** C) bile. D) phlegm. E) feces.

Question 53

53. The pyloric pump A) mixes stomach contents for digestion. B) causes hunger contractions. C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening. D) causes rugae to flatten. E) opens the pyloric sphincter completely.

Answer 53

53. The pyloric pump A) mixes stomach contents for digestion. B) causes hunger contractions. **C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening. ** D) causes rugae to flatten. E) opens the pyloric sphincter completely.

Question 54

54. Duodenal gland secretion prevents A) digestive enzyme release. B) release of bile from the liver. C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes. D) the release of insulin. E) peristalsis.

Answer 54

54. Duodenal gland secretion prevents A) digestive enzyme release. B) release of bile from the liver. **C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes. ** D) the release of insulin. E) peristalsis.

Question 55

55. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include A) disaccharidases. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) bile. E) histamine.

Answer 55

55. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include **A) disaccharidases.** B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) bile. E) histamine.

Question 56

56. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to A) liberate hormones. B) promote peristalsis. C) produce bile. D) increase surface area for absorption. E) stimulate chemical digestion.

Answer 56

56. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to A) liberate hormones. B) promote peristalsis. C) produce bile. **D) increase surface area for absorption. ** E) stimulate chemical digestion.

Question 57

57. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the A) pancreatic duct with the lacteals. B) greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla. C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct. D) cystic duct and interlobular duct. E) hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.

Answer 57

57. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the A) pancreatic duct with the lacteals. B) greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla. **C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct. ** D) cystic duct and interlobular duct. E) hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.

Question 58

58. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli? A) submucosa B) mucosa C) muscularis D) serosa E) adventitia

Answer 58

58. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli? A) submucosa **B) mucosa ** C) muscularis D) serosa E) adventitia

Question 59

59. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach? A) jejunum B) duodenum C) ileum D) common bile duct E) hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 59

59. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach? A) jejunum B) duodenum **C) ileum ** D) common bile duct E) hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 60

60. The gallbladder A) produces bile. B) is attached to the pancreas. C) stores bile. D) produces secretin. E) breaks down red blood cells.

Answer 60

60. The gallbladder A) produces bile. B) is attached to the pancreas. **C) stores bile. ** D) produces secretin. E) breaks down red blood cells.

Question 61

61. The pancreatic islets A) are found in the wall of the stomach. B) excrete mucus. C) produce digestive enzymes. D) are exocrine glands. E) are endocrine glands.

Answer 61

61. The pancreatic islets A) are found in the wall of the stomach. B) excrete mucus. C) produce digestive enzymes. D) are exocrine glands. **E) are endocrine glands. **

Question 62

62. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true? A) The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum. B) The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones. C) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes. D) The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food. E) The pancreas digests sugar.

Answer 62

62. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true? A) The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum. B) The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones. **C) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes**. D) The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food. E) The pancreas digests sugar.

Question 63

63. Bile would flow directly from the A) gallbladder into the hepatic duct. B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct. C) bile canaliculus into the cystic duct. D) common bile duct into the gallbladder. E) cystic duct into the hepatic ducts

Answer 63

63. Bile would flow directly from the A) gallbladder into the hepatic duct. **B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct. ** C) bile canaliculus into the cystic duct. D) common bile duct into the gallbladder. E) cystic duct into the hepatic ducts

Question 64

64. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the A) hepatic artery. B) hepatic portal vein. C) hepatic vein. D) inferior vena cava. E) celiac trunk.

Answer 64

64. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the A) hepatic artery. **B) hepatic portal vein.** C) hepatic vein. D) inferior vena cava. E) celiac trunk.

Question 65

65. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes? A) produce digestive enzymes B) synthesize hormones C) produce hydrochloric acid D) synthesize bile E) regulate pH

Answer 65

65. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes? A) produce digestive enzymes B) synthesize hormones C) produce hydrochloric acid **D) synthesize bile ** E) regulate pH

Question 66

66. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the A) pancreas. B) spleen. C) liver. D) stomach. E) gall bladder

Answer 66

66. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the A) pancreas. B) spleen. **C) liver. ** D) stomach. E) gall bladder

Question 67

67. The hepatic sinusoids A) transport bile. B) have phagocytic cells in their lining. C) are part of the portal triad. D) connect to the gallbladder. E) do not have a function.

Answer 67

67. The hepatic sinusoids A) transport bile. **B) have phagocytic cells in their lining. ** C) are part of the portal triad. D) connect to the gallbladder. E) do not have a function.

Question 68

68. Bile is produced by cells of the A) duodenum. B) liver. C) gallbladder. D) pancreas. E) hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 68

68. Bile is produced by cells of the A) duodenum. **B) liver**. C) gallbladder. D) pancreas. E) hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 69

69. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) disaccharides. E) all of the above

Answer 69

69. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of A) carbohydrates. **B) lipids**. C) proteins. D) disaccharides. E) all of the above

Question 70

70. The liver A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats. B) produces several digestive enzymes. C) stores vitamin C. D) receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. E) can not synthesize new molecules.

Answer 70

70. The liver **A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats**. B) produces several digestive enzymes. C) stores vitamin C. D) receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. E) can not synthesize new molecules.

Question 71

71. Bile secretion is A) performed continuously by the liver. B) is stimulated by sympathetic nerves. C) is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts. D) stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage. E) controlled by the gallbladder.

Answer 71

71. Bile secretion is **A) performed continuously by the liver. ** B) is stimulated by sympathetic nerves. C) is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts. D) stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage. E) controlled by the gallbladder.

Question 72

72. Bile A) digests proteins in the small intestine. B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine. C) is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver. D) activates trypsin in the small intestine. E) activates the pancreas.

Answer 72

72. Bile A) digests proteins in the small intestine. **B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine**. C) is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver. D) activates trypsin in the small intestine. E) activates the pancreas.

Question 73

73. Functions of the liver include A) production of many blood proteins. B) interconversion of nutrients. C) detoxification of harmful chemicals. D) bile production. E) all of the above

Answer 73

73. Functions of the liver include A) production of many blood proteins. B) interconversion of nutrients. C) detoxification of harmful chemicals. D) bile production. **E) all of the above **

Question 74

74. Hepatocytes A) phagocytize cells. B) form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. C) convert ammonia to urea. D) remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen. E) all of the above

Answer 74

74. Hepatocytes A) phagocytize cells. B) form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. C) convert ammonia to urea. D) remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen. **E) all of the above **

Question 75

75. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? A) colon B) liver C) pancreas D) gallbladder E) spleen ## Footnote

Answer 75

75. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? A) colon B) liver **C) pancreas ** D) gallbladder E) spleen ## Footnote

Question 76

76. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. 1. ascending colon 2. descending colon 3. sigmoid colon 4. transverse colon A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 4, 2, 3 C) 2, 3, 1, 4 D) 2, 4, 1, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Answer 76

76. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. 1. ascending colon 2. descending colon 3. sigmoid colon 4. transverse colon A) 1, 2, 3, 4 **B) 1, 4, 2, 3 ** C) 2, 3, 1, 4 D) 2, 4, 1, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Question 77

77. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A) ascending colon B) descending colon C) transverse colon D) sigmoid colon E) caecum

Answer 77

77. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A) ascending colon B) descending colon C) transverse colon **D) sigmoid colon ** E) caecum

Question 78

78. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the A) ileocaecal valve. B) hepatic flexure. C) splenic flexure. D) cardiac sphincter. E) gastric flexure.

Answer 78

78. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the A) ileocaecal valve. **B) hepatic flexure. ** C) splenic flexure. D) cardiac sphincter. E) gastric flexure.

Question 79

79. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the A) teniae coli. B) haustra. C) coli longitudini. D) epiploic appendages. E) rugae.

Answer 79

79. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the **A) teniae coli. ** B) haustra. C) coli longitudini. D) epiploic appendages. E) rugae.

Question 80

80. The major secretion of the large intestine is A) bile. B) hormones. C) mucus. D) vitamins. E) bacteria.

Answer 80

80. The major secretion of the large intestine is A) bile. B) hormones. **C) mucus**. D) vitamins. E) bacteria.

Question 81

81. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. 1. ascending colon 2. descending colon 3. sigmoid colon 4. transverse colon A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 4, 2, 3 C) 2, 3, 1, 4 D) 2, 4, 1, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Answer 81

81. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. 1. ascending colon 2. descending colon 3. sigmoid colon 4. transverse colon A) 1, 2, 3, 4 **B) 1, 4, 2, 3 ** C) 2, 3, 1, 4 D) 2, 4, 1, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Question 82

82. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A) ascending colon B) descending colon C) transverse colon D) sigmoid colon E) cecum

Answer 82

82. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A) ascending colon B) descending colon C) transverse colon **D) sigmoid colon ** E) cecum

Question 83

83. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the A) ileocecal valve. B) hepatic flexure. C) splenic flexure. D) cardiac sphincter. E) gastric flexure.

Answer 83

83. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the A) ileocecal valve. **B) hepatic flexure. ** C) splenic flexure. D) cardiac sphincter. E) gastric flexure.

Question 84

84. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the A) taeniae coli. B) haustra. C) coli longitudini. D) epiploic appendages. E) rugae.

Answer 84

84. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the **A) taeniae coli. ** B) haustra. C) coli longitudini. D) epiploic appendages. E) rugae.

Question 85

85. The major secretion of the large intestine is A) bile. B) hormones. C) mucus. D) vitamins. E) bacteria.

Answer 85

85. The major secretion of the large intestine is A) bile. B) hormones. **C) mucus. ** D) vitamins. E) bacteria.

Question 86

86. The anal canal A) begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum. B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle. C) contains many goblet cells. D) contains tubular glands called crypts. E) has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

Answer 86

86. The anal canal A) begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum. **B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle. ** C) contains many goblet cells. D) contains tubular glands called crypts. E) has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

Question 87

87. Which of the following apply to the small intestine? A) Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. B) Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. C) Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. D) Mixing and propulsion of chyme. E) All of the above apply to the small intestine.

Answer 87

87. Which of the following apply to the small intestine? A) Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. B) Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. C) Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. D) Mixing and propulsion of chyme. **E) All of the above apply to the small intestine. **

Question 88

88. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone A) secretin. B) cholecystokinin. C) gastrin. D) enterokinin. E) insulin.

Answer 88

88. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone A) secretin. **B) cholecystokinin. ** C) gastrin. D) enterokinin. E) insulin.

Question 89

89. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is A) gastric. B) biliary. C) salivary. D) pancreatic. E) hepatic.

Answer 89

89. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is A) gastric. B) biliary. C) salivary. **D) pancreatic. ** E) hepatic.

Question 90

90. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct? A) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. B) Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands. C) Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution. D) Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin. E) Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.

Answer 90

90. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct? **A) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. ** B) Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands. C) Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution. D) Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin. E) Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.

Question 91

91. The mucosa of the colon A) contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells. B) exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions. C) actively secretes sodium and chloride ions. D) produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion. E) consists of stratified columnar epithelium.

Answer 91

91. The mucosa of the colon **A) contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells. ** B) exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions. C) actively secretes sodium and chloride ions. D) produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion. E) consists of stratified columnar epithelium.

Question 92

92. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to A) produce vitamin C. B) regulate the release of bile. C) break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. D) convert chyme to faeces. E) absorb nutrients.

Answer 92

92. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to A) produce vitamin C. B) regulate the release of bile. C) break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. **D) convert chyme to faeces. ** E) absorb nutrients.

Question 93

93. Faeces consist of A) water. B) undigestible food. C) bacteria. D) sloughed-off epithelial cells. E) all of these

Answer 93

93. Faeces consist of A) water. B) undigestible food. C) bacteria. D) sloughed-off epithelial cells. **E) all of these **

Question 94

94. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that A) empty the stomach. B) release gastric secretions into the stomach. C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach. D) lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum. E) stop movement in the colon.

Answer 94

94. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that A) empty the stomach. B) release gastric secretions into the stomach. C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach. **D) lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum.** E) stop movement in the colon.

Question 95

95. Flatus is A) an enzyme produced by the colon. B) gas produced by bacteria in the colon. C) the solid portion of fecal material. D) a colic reflex. E) gas produced by goblet cells.

Answer 95

95. Flatus is A) an enzyme produced by the colon. **B) gas produced by bacteria in the colon**. C) the solid portion of fecal material. D) a colic reflex. E) gas produced by goblet cells.

Question 96

96. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called A) segmental contractions. B) churning contractions. C) mass movements. D) rectal propulsions. E) defaecation.

Answer 96

96. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called A) segmental contractions. B) churning contractions. **C) mass movements. ** D) rectal propulsions. E) defaecation.

Question 97

97. The defaecation reflex A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum. B) inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon. C) constricts the internal anal sphincter. D) lasts several hours. E) none of the above ## Footnote

Answer 97

97. The defaecation reflex **A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum. ** B) inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon. C) constricts the internal anal sphincter. D) lasts several hours. E) none of the above ## Footnote

Question 98

98. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells. A) sucrose B) fructose C) glucose D) galactose E) lactose

Answer 98

98. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells. A) sucrose B) fructose **C) glucose ** D) galactose E) lactose

Question 99

99. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the A) stomach and esophagus. B) duodenum and jejunum. C) ascending colon and cecum. D) pancreatic duct and gall bladder. E) ileum and transverse colon

Answer 99

99. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the A) stomach and esophagus. **B) duodenum and jejunum. ** C) ascending colon and cecum. D) pancreatic duct and gall bladder. E) ileum and transverse colon

Question 100

100. Emulsification A) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets. B) occurs in the gallbladder. C) chemically digests lipids. D) increases surface area for lipid digestion. E) involves enzymes.

Answer 100

100. Emulsification A) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets. B) occurs in the gallbladder. C) chemically digests lipids. **D) increases surface area for lipid digestion**. E) involves enzymes.

Question 101

101. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called A) chylomicrons. B) micelles. C) monoglycerides. D) diglycerides. E) lacteals.

Answer 101

101. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called A) chylomicrons. **B) micelles. ** C) monoglycerides. D) diglycerides. E) lacteals.

Question 102

102. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: 1. dipeptide 2. protein 3. amino acid 4. polypeptide A) 3, 1, 4, 2 B) 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 2, 4, 1, 3 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 2, 4, 3, 1

Answer 102

102. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: 1. dipeptide 2. protein 3. amino acid 4. polypeptide A) 3, 1, 4, 2 B) 4, 1, 2, 3 **C) 2, 4, 1, 3 ** D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 2, 4, 3, 1

Question 103

103. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine. B) water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood. C) water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces. D) water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach. E) water does not move.

Answer 103

103. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated **A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine. ** B) water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood. C) water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces. D) water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach. E) water does not move.

Question 104

104. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? A) blood supply decreases B) more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers C) enamel on teeth becomes thinner D) A and B E) A, B, C

Answer 104

104. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? A) blood supply decreases B) more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers C) enamel on teeth becomes thinner D) A and B **E) A, B, C**

Question 105

105. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 105

105. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. salivary glands

Question 106

Parietal cells produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 106

Parietal cells produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. hydrochloric acid

Question 107

107. Lymph nodules in the submucosa of the ileum are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 107

107. Lymph nodules in the submucosa of the ileum are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Peyer's patches

Question 108

108. The largest internal organ of the body is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 108

108. The largest internal organ of the body is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. liver

Question 109

109. Organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 109

109. Organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. mesenteries

Question 110

110. Cranial nerves _________ and _________ control salivary glands secretions.

Answer 110

110. Cranial nerves _________ and _________ control salivary glands secretions. facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 111

111. When stomach acids digest the wall of the stomach, you have a condition called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 111

111. When stomach acids digest the wall of the stomach, you have a condition called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ulcer

Question 112

112. Detoxification of harmful substances in the body takes place in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 112

112. Detoxification of harmful substances in the body takes place in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. liver

Question 113

Essay Question: Explain why many people have a bowel movement shortly after a meal

Answer 113

Answer: Mass movements in the colon are very common after meals because the presence of food in the stomach initiates strong peristaltic contractions (gastrocolic reflexes) in the colon. This is a very common response about 15minutes after breakfast. These mass movements persist for 10 to 30 minutes and then stop for about half a day.

Question 114

Essay Question: What symptoms might you expect if gallstones completely filled the gallbladder?

Answer 114

Answer: If gallstones completely fill the gallbladder, then the gallbladder can no longer be used as a reservior for bile. Should a very fatty meal be eaten, the fatty chyme would stimulate the release of cholecystokinin, which would cause the gallbladder to contract. Because of the gallstones in the gall bladder, this could cause a great deal of pain. The main symptoms of cholelithiasis (gallstones) are abdominal pain and jaundice. Heartburn, flatulence, epigastric discomfort, and food intolerances may also be present.

Question 115

Essay Question: Explain why neither rapid empyting of the stomach nor slow emptying of the stomach is desirable

Answer 115

Answer: Rapid emptying reduces the efficiency of digestion and absorption. If the rate of emptying is too slow, the highly acidic contents of the stomach may damage the stomach wall and reduce the rate of digestion and absorption.

Question 116

Essay Question: Relate the importance of mechanical and chemical digestion to absorption of food

Answer 116

Answer: The large food molescules must be reduced to smaller compnents in order for the nutrients to be easily absorbed by the GI tract. Both mechanical and chemical digestion reduce the size of food molecules.

Question 117

Essay Question: What role does each of the following play in normal functioning of the gastrointestional tract? a. parietal cells b. constrictor muscles of pharynx c. lower esophageal sphincter D. gallbladder e. gastrin f. bile g. tryspin h. hepatocytes i. gastric inhibitory peptide j. mucus in the small intestine

Answer 117

Answers: a. parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor b. constrictor muscles of pharynx: move bolus down pharynx c. lower esophageal sphincter: regulates entrance of food into stomch d. gallbladder: stores bile e. gastrin: stimulates parietal and chief cells to increase gastric secretions f. bile: emulsifies fats, neutralizes and dilutes acidic chyme g. tryspin: proteolytic enzyme; activates trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase h. hepatocytes: produce bile; store gylcogen, copper, iron, vitamins A, B12, D, E and K; interconvert nutrients; hydroxylate vitamin D; detoxify substances; synthesize blood proteins i. gastric inhibitory peptide: inhibits gastic secretion j. mucus in the small intestine: protects intestinal wall from irrtating effects of acidic chyme and digestive enzymes