01022018

Question 1

Symbolism, sport, and sustenance

- Ancient Maya hunting

Answer 1

• Sarah Neumann

Question 2

Things to study

Answer 2

• Artifacts: tools, pots, etc.
• Body remains
• Architecture, trace

Question 3

Zooarchaeology

Answer 3

• Animals in archaeology
• Interaction btw animals and human in the past
• e.g. domestic animals, hunting
  > Symbolic meaning

Question 4

Studies in zooarchaeology

Answer 4

Collect dead animal bodies / bones
1. Identification and quantification (e.g. use: teeth, bones > jewelry)
2. Contributions to and changes in ancient diet (Bronze age to Neolithic > Increase in sheep; becoz of technologies to raise sheep / climate change etc.)
3. Domestication
- Mouflon - ovis orientalis > wild;
sheep - ovis aries > domesticated species tends to be smaller
- Milk production (raising female for reproduction and milk production, killed when they stop producing);
kill-off pattern (male > female)
4. Bone tools, ornaments, and crafting technologies (>trade)

Question 5

Research focus: Maya area sites

Answer 5

• Still many ppl living in Mexico: speak Maya, keep the traditions
• A particular ball game
• Mysterious “The Maya Collapse”
• Collapse and consumption
  > Relative abundance of white-tailed deer remains at El Zotz over time
  > High abundance at early classic
  > Failing off (collapse) during late classic-terminal classic transition
  > Start hunting other animals, e.g. rabbit, turtle (small body animals)
  > Collapse changes the ways that ppl living

Question 6

Optimal foraging

Answer 6

• Hunters (including humans) seek to max their hunting efficiency
• Always pursue the prey that offers the greatest caloric return

Question 7

Topics to consider in the Maya

Answer 7

1. Dealing with deer
   - NOT hunted: exponential growth within 10 years
   - Most stable @little hunting pressure
2. Slash-and-burn agriculture
   - Quickly depleted > NOT sustainable
   - BUT perfect habitats for the deer
3. Change in hunting styles
   > Pre-collapse (classic) hunting = spear
   VS post-collapse (postclassic) hunting = trap
4. Animals NOT only = nutrition > crafts
5. Arts: Hunting = Power and pleasure (characters = males)
6. Training for hunt (ball game + imitating hunting for practice)
7. Training for war
8. Animals and enemies (make human looks like deer before sacrifice)
9. Other kinds of conquests
10. Meat and more (e.g. ecological, political, and social impacts)
    > Hunting = more than consuming proteins

Question 8

Lecture

Answer 8

• Log school hse (continued)

Question 9

***Depositional environments (continued)

Answer 9

1. Non-depositional (e.g. lakeshore)
2. Accretional (e.g. Rockshelter)
3. Alluvial (e.g. floodplain)
4. Eolian (i.e., windblown) > Mangolia
5. Colluvial (e.g. mudslide)
6. Volcanic

Question 10

Abbr

Answer 10

• B.C. (Same as B.C.E) = Before Christ (Before common era)
• A.D. (Same as C.E.) = Anno domini - in the yr of our Lord (Common era)
• B.P. = Before present

Question 11

4. Eolian: Anguilla (site in Caribbean)

Answer 11

• Hurricane Irma 9/6/2017 > Damage on ppl, animals, vegetation, archaeological site
  > Erosion, wind action on the land: Upper Shoal Bay East, Anguilla
• Hurricane Luis 1995
• Layers: Bright sand soil (done by hurricane / storm) - dark soil - bright sand > separation of context (NOT happened in non-depositional)

Question 12

5. Colluvial

Answer 12

• Slope / slide > burial thgs as ppl do not have time to move
• e.g. Panabaj, Guatemala mudslide in 2005; Camarillo, California in 2014; Santa Catarina Penula, Guatemala in 2015,

Question 13

6. Volcanic

Answer 13

1. Montserrat
   - Surface collection before grass grows too long
   - Wooden stakes to mark site
   - Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat (still active)
   > The site previously working on is now covered by liquified mud
   - Easy to date volcanic activity > C14 dating
2. Scott’s Head, Dominica
   - Knowing the composition, depth > find the burials