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Question 1

Social hierarchy

Answer 1

• Social status
• Inequality
• Upward mobility

Question 2

Prehistoric human footprints unearthed on Canada shoreline

Answer 2

• Footprint @on a shore dated to 13,000 ya
• 29 footprints, 3different sized, 1 set belong to child
• End of the last ice age (sea lvl 2-3m lower than today)

Question 3

Northeastern Native American archaeology timeline

Answer 3

• Early Paleoindian, late Paleoindian (PreClovis, Clovis) 13,000-9,500ya
  > New wood tools adapted to new environment in late Paleoindia
• Early Archaic
• Middle Archaic
• Late Archaic

Question 4

Maine Quaternary relative sea level

Answer 4

• Lowstand deltas and shorelines @12,000ya
• “Slowstand” (equalize) @10,000-8,000ya
  > Brought up sea level after “slowstand” stage

Question 5

Bass Harbor Site

Answer 5

• Expose more recently
• Artifacts recovered by scalloper in Bass Harbor Site, Maine:
  > Found bifaces, early-middle archaic slate points
  > Adapted to hunt salt fish
• Tool tradition: show adaptation to new environment
• Frm Canada extending down to the East Coast
• Shallow coast: 20-25m below sea level, occupied about 9-8kya

Question 6

Modern inlet analog for drowned Bass Harbor Site

Answer 6

• Sea level came up: more gradual
• Diversity of animals (marine, land animals)
• Catastrophic vs gradual

Question 7

Sparrow (?) Site, Milo, Marine

Answer 7

• Cultural fire hearth

- Squash

Question 8

Windover Bog

Answer 8

• 8,280 BP, Central Florida
• Great preservation of burial site
• Recreational diver, textile represented by the figurines
• Burial under water

Question 9

8,200 year “event” cooler and drier for several centuries

Answer 9

• Take centuries to adapt from dry environment to shallow site
• Settlement: moving
• Expanding: beech; dropping: oak, pine

Question 10

Early Archaic

Answer 10

• From dry (8kya) to wet (7-5kya)
• Dry @5kya?
• 2kya afterwards: wetter

Question 11

Early archaic period

Answer 11

• Time: approx 9.5-7.5kya
• Environment: continued to warm
  > Help to form many kinds of wetlands, frm lakes to ponds
• Tools: during early archaic period, native Americans in Vermont…

Question 12

Sites

Answer 12

• Bassett’s site, John’s bridge, Juniper Ridge Site, Calkins Site
  > Make sure from diff groups of ppl

Question 13

John’s Bridge Site, Stanton, Vermont

Answer 13

• Tabular knives: Mazza and John’s Bridge
  > Probably fish knives for cleaning (dull edge)
• ULU (tool for fishing activity)
• Ca. 8100 BP: Munsungan chert, Mt Jasper rhyolite
  > Recognize the changes
• Faunal remains include catfish and bullhead (fish remains)
• Tools: projectile point, preform, bifaces etc.

Question 14

Essex, Vermont

Answer 14

• Survey before building the highway
• Tools: steep patch(tie on the hand build, about thumb size)
• Local materials

Question 15

Calkins, South Burlington

Answer 15

• At the time of occupation: wetland

Question 16

Middleburry

Answer 16

• Fire hearth: 9470-9270BP, 9140-8990BP

> Occupation at different times

Question 17

• Early Archaic period, ca. 9,500-7,500 yrs BP

Answer 17

1. Population growth
2. Storage pits: indicative of change in mobility? People more tied to sites?
   > Implies population growth becoz storage can increase the number of people that can be fed
3. Wide range of adaptation - forests, plains, rivers
4. Still mobile populations. Still hunter-gatherers. For example, in Ohio valley, EA sites found on floodplains, bluffs above rivers and in upland areas

Question 18

Based on seasonality studies at Early Archaic sites

Answer 18

• Sites attribute to spring = fish and wild plants
• Sites attribute to summer = snails, wild plants, grapes strawberries, marsh elder, swamp weed
• Sites attribute to fall occupations show people focused on nut collecting
• Sites attribute to late fall = river - deer, birds, fish

Question 19

Middle Archaic period

Answer 19

• Ca. 7,500-6,000BP

- Koster Site, Lower Illinois River

Question 20

Koster Site, Lower Illinois River

Answer 20

• Sediments piled up: site = very deep (10m below the surface)
• Man has lived on the Koster site for over 7,000yrs
• Separated occupations
  > Different features and life ways on horizons

Question 21

Leicester Flats Site, Salisbury, VT

Answer 21

• Found: clay environment (using buckets, baking soda to break down the clay on surfaced)
• Wet @7kya

Question 22

• Middle Archaic period, ca. 7,500-6,000BP

Answer 22

1. Population increase
2. Less mobility - size of use area decreases - sites in areas of concentrated raw material (stone) and animal resources (territorial)
3. Cemeteries - further evidence of territorial attachment
   > Time investment > stay at the same place for generations
   > Relationship btw ppl and landscape (representation of landscape)
4. Deeper sites, buried under flood deposits
5. Humans in all parts of North America
6. Still mobile hunter-gatherers but some signs of shift to “Tribal” level societies, based on burials and evidence of interaction btw groups
   > See nx slide: broad levels of social organization
   > How were these people organized?

Question 23

Broad levels of social organization

Answer 23

Bands ———— Tribes - Chiefdoms- States

Egalitarian) (Hierarchical, stratified

Question 24

Late Archaic, 6,500-3,000BP

Answer 24

-

Question 25

Recorded sites in Vermont

Answer 25

- Paleoindian 38 - Early Archaic 39 - Middle Archaic 94 - Late Archaic 287 (significant increase) - #s of sites can be used as very general proxy for population size (Includes transitional MA/LA sites)

Question 26

KI site, Vermont

Answer 26

- Otter Creek type points from the KI site near Rutland, Vermont, ca. 5,000BP

Question 27

Arnold Brook site

Answer 27

- Cache of raw materials - Pile up stones inside house: no need to look for raw material during winter season - Broken edge: brought back to house to replace - 6kya, almost @the surface (~a foot to dig) - Heat up a pile of stones on fire: spread out > put nuts on for roasting

Question 28

Late Archaic period: Isle La Motte site, Vermont

Answer 28

- “Glacial Kane” grave good from Isle La Motte, Vermont - Marine shell, copper and galena - Circular shell pendant, discoid always shell beads, portions of sandal-sole, elongate shell gorget, copper adzes, galena nodules

Question 29

Late Archaic period, ca. 6000-3000BP

Answer 29

- Poverty Point, Louisiana - Mississippi River floodplain - Reconstruction (by illustration) - Gray Chert, Steatite Hornebiende Chlorite (diff materials) > Prestige goods