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Question 1

Turkana Boy

Answer 1

• Turkana Boy frm Lake Turkana, northern Kenya - Homo dragster (homo erectus) 1.5 mya
• High value, like “Lucy” as a nearly complete skeleton
• Narrowing pelvis - increased bipedalism
• Narrower birth canal - more brain growth post birth
• “Barrel” chest due to narrower waist, need for

Question 2

*P.60 in text

Answer 2

• Diagram: development of genus Homo with stone tools

Question 3

Big change btw Oldowan choppers and Acheulian hand axes

Answer 3

• Acheulian hand axes: Levallois technique
• Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis
  > Pre-determined idea: plan
  > Increased cutting edge: abt 2x cutting edge of previous tool
• Differences: NOT functional differences
  > Manufacture (identify groups of ppl), increased mate chance (?)

Question 4

Broad trends in early Hominin evolution toward the human line

Answer 4

• Increase in Cranial capacity and related gradual “loss’ of receding forehead
• Decrease in brow ridge
• Decrease in tooth size (Homo erectus: cooking > easy to chew than eating raw meat)
• Recession of prognostic face
• Decrease in sexual dimorphism
• Increase in body size overall (success in hunting, reproducing etc.)
• Development of “external” protruding nose
• Loss of body hair

Question 5

Possible routine of expansion for early Homo (mainly ergaster/erectus) from Africa eastward to China and westward to Europe

Answer 5

• Peking Man @Zhoukoudan, China

- Trinil

Question 6

Homo erectus

Answer 6

• In Southeast Asia, from Java - “Java Man”
  Trinil and Mokojerto, H. Erectus ca. 1 mya. When sea levels were lower, Java was connected to the mainland
• H. Erectus in China between 1.6-1.3 mya, from Zhoukoudian. “Peking Man” H. Erectus between 500,000 and 250,000 ya
• In Georgia, H. Erectus from Dmansi, 1.7 mya - 700,000
• In Europe, Sierra the Ata…

Question 7

Geographical tool distribution

Answer 7

• Acheulean tradition
  ———————————Movius line————————————
• Various non-Acheulean
• East Asian chopper-chopping tool complex

Question 8

Site “Modification” by early Homo

Answer 8

• Terra Amaya, France, 427,000 - 364,000 B.P., Homo heidelbergensis
• Modification of space: work space > defined area activities
  > Ability to stay at a place longer

Question 9

Terra Amaya, Nice, France

Answer 9

• Pre-Neanderthals living on the beach
• And hunting: deer, pig
• Also evidence of scavenging elephant, rhino, bear

Question 10

Lazaret cave, France

Answer 10

• 170,000 B.P., Homo neanderthalensis
• ? Doorway, shells from seaweed bedding found, charcoal concentrations (hearths)
• Stratigraphy: show occupation occurred during period where there was a greater accumulation of spalling from cave ceiling - freeze/thawing is a WINTER process.
  > Seasonal estimate corroborated by faunal remains including juvenile lbex bones suggesting cave used in early to mid November

Question 11

Shanidar cave, Zagros Mtns, Iraq

Answer 11

• Originally excavated in the 1950s, archaeologists returned to Shanidar cave in 2016 after ISIS pushed out of Iraq
• Location of human remains (plinth excavation)
• 60-80,000 B.P.
  > Arguable: do as much as excavation for preservation?

Question 12

Mousterian tools

Answer 12

• Associated with H. Neandethalensis

Question 13

Klasies Rive Mouth, South Africa

Answer 13

• Fully modern humans ca. 100,000-12,000 B.P.
• Hunting: eland, Cape buffalo, bush pig
  > Time: (more @early) (half-half) (more @later)
  > Hunting technology: Cape buffalo = more dangerous, bush pig = more dangerous + solitary

Question 14

Stone tools from the MSA Howiesons Poort levels @Klasies River (South Africa) dated to ca. 65,000 B.P.

Answer 14

• With anatomically modern humans see increase in the types of tools and an increase in standardization

Question 15

Daoxian site, China

Answer 15

• Relatively new site for archaeological work (~5 y)
• Dating with : U*Th
• Daoxian human teeth: dated flowstone coating teeth with Uranium Thorium) to btw 80-100,000 Ka

Question 16

Human dispersal

Answer 16

• Arabia > Eastern Mediterranean > Southern China > Northern China > Europe

Question 17

Modern human behavior after ca. 100,000 B.P.

Answer 17

• Increased types and standardization of artifacts (mainly stone tools because of easy preservation)
• Greater frequencies of technological change over time (evolution of style and tech.)
• Shaping of organic materials; carving to make finer implements like needles, harpoons
• Jewelry of perforated shells and carved organics
• Figurative and non-figurative ART
• Clear organization of Hoe Spaces - dwellings hearths
• Long distance transport of lithics (trade/exchange?)
• Broad spectrum diet/economy. Hunting large and small mammals; harvesting plants; plant processing
• Storage
• Selective hunting
• Occupation of more challenging environments (especially including cold climates of North Europe
• Growth in population density

Question 18

Homo floresiensis

Answer 18

• Small bodied hominin from Indonesia ca. 38,000-12,000 B.P.
• Associated tools suggest floresiensis was a modern human
• Small stature, microencephaly - small brain - long feet
  > ?Dwarfism, ?product from small gene pool, ?adaptation
• Modern population > great range of variation

Question 19

Chauvet, France, Upper Paleolithic

Answer 19

• Ca. 36,000 B.P.

- Document artist expression, mammals, human predation

Question 20

Lascaux cave, France, Upper Paleolithic

Answer 20

• Ca. 17,000 B.P.
• Cave art
• Spiritual nature of their life
• Techniques, mineral pigment, charcoal for painting