22032018

Question 1

Homo Negro cave, Quintana Roo, Mexico

Answer 1

• Submerged Late Pleistocene cave site, ca 12,000-1300y old human remains “Naia”
• Using image capture > produce structure-from-motion model

Question 2

Cancun

Answer 2

• Scuba diving site + archaeological site

Question 3

Naia

Answer 3

• Found in Homo Negro cave, Quintana Roo, Mexico
• 15-17 years old
• Probably died from fall into deep cave/pit
• Pelvis “pitting” indicates likely had given birth
• Very slight build (malnourished)
• Harris lines on long bones indicating nutritional stress
• 12-13ky old
• DNA supports migration of population from Asia

Question 4

Taima Taima

Answer 4

• A 13,000 years old Mastodon Kill Site in Western Venezuela

- Mastadon fossil and “el Jobo” point

Question 5

Extinction of sloths

Answer 5

• In late Quaternary: sloths extinction on continents and islands
• Human hunts > significant decrease in number

Question 6

Glyptodon

Answer 6

• Big meat package > goal of human’s hunting
• Human’s hunting did not only focus on elephant (mastadon): go after mammals with big meat package
• Rings of bony armor on short tail, dome-shaped body armor, front legs with 5 claws

Question 7

Standford and Bradley’s argument

Answer 7

• “Solutrean hypothesis”
  > Upper Paleolithic: “Solutrean” tools from France are present along coast of eastern U.S.
• Upper regions (north) covered by ice
  > Preventing occupation
  > Lower regions: Clovis
• Possible evidence (but no): wood boat with proved wood grown in France, DNA sequencing
  > If Solutrean boat people washed up on our shores, they suffered cultural amnesia, genetic amnesia, dental amnesia, linguistic amnesia, skeleton amnesia…

Question 8

Scallop collection

Answer 8

• Sea scallop (Pectinidae): artifacts coming with scallop from scallop dredge
• Live in the mud deep in the ocean
• Scallop dredge: catching sea scallop with heavy metal chains dragging on the bottom of the sea
• Picked artifacts: near Deer Isle, near Islesford, near Lazygut Island, Moorehead Lake from the gulf of Maine
• Stone biracial artifact: Green Islands, Maine, 43-48m (140-160ft) below sea level
  > Similar to Solutrean bifaces from France
  > People thinks in similar way
• Moosehead bifaces: 8kya

Question 9

Maine Quaternary relative sea-level

Answer 9

• I>E: Deglacial ice retreat > I>E: Isostatic rebound> lowest sea level > E>I: Marginal bulge?

Question 10

Marine paleoenvironmental core from Nantucket Sound

Answer 10

• 8-11ft: dark brown organic material, including wood, with light grey medium sand, trace fine sand
  > Level of Horizon paleosols (A)
  -11-13.5ft: light brown to grey medium sand, trace coarse sand
  > Level of Horizon sub-soils (B)
• 13.5-16.5ft: light grey medium sand, some fine sand
  > Level of Horizon parent material (C)

Question 11

Turner Farm Site, Maine

Answer 11

• Ca. 6,000 calendar years BP

- Disturbed site: mixed the layers (by climate change and sea level rise)

Question 12

Bull Brook site, Ipswitch, MA

Answer 12

• One of the Paleoindian site clusters in Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts
• 12,500 Calendar years BP
• Sea levels 50-60ft lower
• 40 concentrations in circular argument
• Circle 500ft across
• Small group of people coming together: had idea of organization before settling
  > Social organization, leadership in the community

Question 13

Clovis Fluted Points

Answer 13

• 13,000 cal BP
• ~11k points
• Spread over

Question 14

Vermont

Answer 14

• Early Paleoindian period, ca. 12,900-12,400 calendar years BP
• People moving towards the seashore of the Lake Champlain
• Now the seashore moving towards the campus
• Early Paleoindian period sites 12,900-12,400 cal. BP, near “mouth” of the Winooski River and Champlain Sea shoreline (mean elevation =144m)
  > Mayan site, Williston: 12,900-12,400 Cal. BP: fluted point Vermont Quartzite; material from NY state
• Middle Paleoindian 12,200-11,600 cal. BP (mean elevation =120m amsl)
  > Reagan site, Highgate; Jackson Gore site, Okemo, Ludlow (331m): fluted point made by local material
• Late Paleoindian 11,600-10,800 cal. BP (mean elevation = 89m amsl)
  > Mazda site: material not from VT, 70% of stone tools and tool making debris made from New Hampshire rhyolite
  > Parallel-flaked Lanceolate projectile points, Ca. 12,000-11,000 BP, Varney Fram site
• Gradual decline of elevation > people moving with the change of elevation
  > Use GIS to identify “Least Coast” pathways

Question 15

P. 318 in txtbk

Answer 15

• Plant species + domestication
• Maize example
• Another example: squish in Maine dating to ~5800BP