20032018

Question 1

Migrations of Homo Sapiens

Answer 1

• Human origins 200,000-250,000BP
• Southwest Asia 100,000BP
• Europe, Siberia 40,000BP
• North America 12,000-30,000BP
• Chile 18,000-14,500BP
• 3 possible routes: landward, coastal, oceania

Question 2

Cave in Daoxian, China

Answer 2

• Human teeth dated to ca. 80,000BP

* Changing interpretation: wt was thought as “the earliest” might subject to change

Question 3

Island of Crete in Mediterranean

Answer 3

• Possible tools may date to as old as 130,000BP, during Middle Paleolithic
• Human brain: build the raft to Mediterranean

Question 4

Australia

Answer 4

• 1st humans approximately 60kyrs BP

Question 5

Anatomically modern humans (AMH)

Answer 5

• Arabia > Eastern Mediterranean > Southern China > Northern China > Europe

Question 6

Upper Paleolithic “Revolution” ca. 40,000-20,000BP

Answer 6

• Broader range of plants and animals exploited following trend seen since the appearance of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH)
• 1st appearance of art:
  > 1. Chauvet, France, Upper Paleolithic, ca 36,000BP
  > Picture showed animals that has been extincted now
  > For preservation of the original cave: Replica of Chauvet, France, Upper Paleolithic, ca 36,000BP, opened in 2015
  > 2. Lascaux cave, France, Upper Paleolithic, ca 17,000BP

Question 7

Sulawesi, Indonesia

Answer 7

• 1. Dated rock art 40kyr BP
     > Hand prints: using a tool with charcoal to blown in instead of paint
• 2. Dated rock art 35.5-39.9kyr BP
     > Female Babirusa: people drawing animals ard their world

Question 8

Kimberley Coast, Australia

Answer 8

• Bradshaw painting
• Fossilized wasp nest attached to painting dated to 17,000 BP
• Pigments now part of the rock

Question 9

Evidence of symbolic thought

Answer 9

• Ostrich Egg shells (n=300) from Diepkloof Rock Shelter in Western Cape, South Africa
• Dated to abt 60,000 ya

Question 10

Oldest-known cave paintings

Answer 10

• 2/22/2018: Neanderthal artists made oldest-known cave paintings (Iberian cave art)
• Carbonate “crust” formed over art dated using U-Th (Uranium-Thorium) to minimum age of 64.8ka

Question 11

Upper Paleolithic (after ca. 40kyr BP) originally referred to as “Revolution”

Answer 11

• Broader range of plants and animals exploited
  > (following trend seen since the appearance of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH))
• First appearance of Art
  > (now have evidence of art earlier, outside of Europe, and by Neanderthals!)
• Functional diversity and stylistic standardization in stone tools. Prismatic Blade and Advanced Bifacial Technology
  > Finer + thinner + longer cutting edge
  > e.g. Upper Paleolithic, Solutrean Blades, ca 17-18ka BP
• Evidence of working of soft materials: wood, bone, antler
  > Spear Thrower: > ATLATL: a weapon system = a major advance
  > Before bow and arrow
  > Animals hunted in Upper Paleolithic include now extinct megafauna such as the woolly mammoth
• Artistic revolution including introduction of “portable” art
  > e.g. Venus Figurine, Assymetrical Face in Czech

Question 12

Czech Republic Venus Figurine (Portable art)

Answer 12

• Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic Venus Figurine, Ca. 25,000+ BP
  > Example of portable art

Question 13

Assymetrical Face (Portable art)

Answer 13

• Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic, Assymetrical Face, made of mammoth ivory
  > Example of portable art

Question 14

Venus of Kostenki (Portable art)

Answer 14

• Siberia, 10.2cm, 22,000 BP
• Dress style, head dress
  > Very dedicate textile dress style preserved

Question 15

Venus of Willendorf (Portable art)

Answer 15

• Head dress

- Austria

Question 16

Mezhirich, Ukraine

Answer 16

• Preserve mammoth bones: interlocking jaw bones
  > Create walls with entrance and exist
• Upper Paleolithic, ca. 18ka BP

Question 17

Complete tailored suits (Portable art)

Answer 17

• Siberia, by 24kyr BP
• Figurine from Buret (southern Siberia) confirming the existence of complete tailored fur suits with hoods by 24ka
• Eyed needles in older sites suggest that this technology may have been developed as early as 35ka

Question 18

*What caused Upper Paleolithic Revolution?

Answer 18

• Gradual change from Middle Paleolithic (no revolution at all)
• Biological change (genetic mutation) that increased brain functioning ca. 50-60kya BP resulting in fully modern humans as seen in Upper Paleolithic
• Change in social organization Increased population in small region results in territoriality. Group cohesion. Ceremonialism. Technological sharing. Increased use of Symbolism.

Question 19

Migrations may have occurred along coasts and across seasonal sea ice

Answer 19

• Beringia 18-12kya
• Land migration route: Maiorych 18kya to Tangle Lakes 12kya
• Seasonal sea ice: Ushki Lake O 15kya
  > Across Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands > to Alaska Peninsula
• Proof archaeologically: broken mammoth site, Alaska 11,700 BP with Eastern Beringian Osseous Tool (parallel flaking); Folsom site, NM, discovered in 1908 by George Mcjunkin, a classic Paleoindian Bison kill site (channel flake)

Question 20

Folsom fluted projectile points

Answer 20

• From Texas

- Channel flakes

Question 21

Murray Springs Clovis Site, Arizona

Answer 21

• Clovis First
• C. Vance Haynes
• Clovis hunters swept the continent
  > Earliest undisputed inhabitants of the Americans, the people known as Clovis descended from late Pleistocene hunters who moved south from Canada, probably through an ice-free corridor that had opened by 12,000 years ago.
  > Skilled at taking mammoth, bison, etc.
  > Fluted, Clovis style projectile points from sites across North America

Question 22

Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru

Answer 22

• Coastal Paleoindian occupation dating to between 12-13k BP

Question 23

Monte Verde Site, Chile

Answer 23

• New dates: 18-14.5k BP

Question 24

New idea: pre-Clovis population

Answer 24

• 14-17k BP
• James Adovasio
  > First challenge to Clovis First
• Pre-Clovis “miller” Point and other lithics, ca. 14k BP
• Pre-Clovis Dates: 15-17k BP: Cactus Hill, Virginia