27022018

Question 1

Bioarchaeology

Answer 1

= Scientific study of human remains frm archaeological sites

• Can study a range of issues including:
  1. Subsistence
  2. Nutrition
  3. Occupational stress
  4. Biological profile of populations
  5. Mobility (migration and interaction)
  6. Cultural practices
  
  • Burial
  • Body modification

Question 2

Body modification

Answer 2

• Cranial modification (in skull) @Tiwanaku society, Maya:
  > Fronto-Occipital, Unmodified Skull, Annular
• Dental modification @Saint Martin Dutch Caribbean
  > Chipping, fining the upper incisors, removed
  > Diff modifications > diff traditions > diff populations

Question 3

Hominins

Answer 3

• Humans + Human ancestors

Question 4

Hominins traditional classification

Answer 4

• Hominoidea > 1. Hominidae > Homo
  > 2. Pongidae > Pan, Gorilla, Pongo
  > 3. Hylobatidae > Hyiobates

Question 5

Hominins modern classification

Answer 5

• Hominoidea > 1. Hominidae > a. Homininae, b. Pongidae

> 2. Hylobatidae > Hylobatidae (Gibbon)

Question 6

***Txt bk P.60 in text (important!)

Answer 6

• 3-4 mya: Australopithecus afarensis - “Lucy”
• 2-3 mya: Australopithecus africanus - “Taung child” @ Cradle of Humankind
• 2.5 mya: Oldowan
• 1.65 mya: Early Acheulean
• 0.05-0.25 mya: Later Acheulean
  (0. 25 = Middle Stone Age + Mousterian;
  
  0. 05 = Later Stone Age + Upper Paleolithic)

Question 7

Taung child

Answer 7

= Australopithicus africanus

• Found by Raymond Dart in cave in South Africa
• Dart believed evidence of trauma on skeleton caused by intra-species violence
• Later, trauma matched to carnivore teeth, and location of remains found to be consistent with post-kill carnivore activity

Question 8

Australopithecus Sediba

Answer 8

• Ca. 2mya
• Dental calculus reveals plant phytoliths!
  > Of grasses, fruits, leaves, and bark or wood fruit
• Skeleton reveals bipedal, but tree climber
  > Transitional species
• Very genius Homo sapiens
• Rising Star Cave @Africa

Question 9

Rising Star Cave @Africa

Answer 9

Found:

• Homo naledi
• Sediba