What is the problem with cognitive symptoms?
Difficult to understand underlying mechanisms
Difficult to develop effective interventions
What did Barch & Ceaser (2012) hypothesise?
There is a common mechanism across cognitive domains of context processing, working and episodic memory
What is suggested by the impairment in proactive control?
SZ patients show an impairment in representing goal info in the working memory
What was suggested by the Dual mechanisms of control (Braver et al, 2009)?
The proactive control aspect is impaired with SZ so they will need to rely on reactive control
What did Barch & Ceaser (2012) find?
Association between proactive control deficits in schizophrenia and impairments in dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity
What evidence supported Barch & Ceaser (2012)?
Minzenberg et al (2009) competed a meta analysis of fMRI studies and showed reduced DLPFC activity in schizophrenia patients in tasks that require proactive control
According to Barch & Ceaser (2012) what has the Central executive been associated with?
-Activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (or DLPFC) in healthy individuals
-Sz patients show difficulties with WM processes eg maintaining info
According to Barch & Ceaser (2012) what has the Visio-spatial sketchpad been associated with?
No strong evidence for selective impairments in phonological loo or visuospatial sketchpad in SZ individuals
What was found in Dickinson et al (2007) meta-analysis of processing speed in SZ patients?
-What test was used to measure?
Impairments in processing speed were found with large effect sizes
-Tested using the Digit symbol coding task
What is one possible explanation for slowed processing speed?
Lack of integrity in patients white matter fibre tracts
How does episodic memory link to SZ?
Relational memory is more impaired than item memory
Recollection is more impaired than familiarity
What do results on episodic memory in SZ suggest?
Encoding items in relation to their context is disrupted in SZ
What is the general conclusion of Barch & Ceaser (2012) findings?
Deficits in proactive control are central to cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia
What do motivational impairments affect?
Social and occupational functioning
What did Culbreth et al (2018) find when studying motivation in decision making in SZ?
Those with schizophrenia less willing to exert effort to get monetary rewards in experiments
What do the results of Culbreth et al (2018) suggest?
Atypical effort-based decision-making may contribute to motivational impairments
What did Culbreth et al (2018) find when studying mental/physical effort used in decision making in SZ?
Those with SZ less likely to select hard task compared to control participants
AND shows correlation with neg symptoms in which more severe neg indicates less willing to put in effort
What was found in Sz patients of neural correlates of effort base decision making?
Reduced BOLD activity in ventral striatum, posterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex during effort-based decision-making
What was suggested when testing Reward responsibility influence effort-based decision-making?
Those with SZ show reduced reward responsivity, thus are less likely to exert effort eg anhedonia
What was actually found when testing Reward responsibility influence effort-based decision-making?
self-reported pleasure of completing the tasks did not differ between SZ and controls
What was hypothesised to be shown when testing Anticipatory pleasure in effort-based decision making?
Those with SZ show reduced anticipatory pleasure, thus are less motivated and less likely to exert effort
What was actually found when testing Anticipatory pleasure in effort-based decision making?
Correlations found between anticipatory pleasure and effort in SZ
What is believed to be involved with cognitive control in effort-based decision making?
-Integrating decision info
-Utilising representations of cost/reward
What was found when testing cognitive control in SZ patients?
Cognitive control deficit has been demonstrated in individuals with schizophrenia as associated with reduced DLPFC activity
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1) Emotion 120
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2) Emotion 217
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Emotion MCQs24
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3) Sex differences 129
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4) Sex differences 220
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Sex Differences MCQs27
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5) Methods 1 (TMS)24
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6) Methods 2 (EEG + ERPs)40
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Methods MCQs30
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7) Structural and functional MRI32
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8) Neuropsychology with lesion studies30
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fMRI and lesion study MCQs23
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9/10) Alzheimer’s37
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Alzheimer's MCQs19
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11) Neurodegeneration 124
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12) Neurodegeneration 236
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Neurodegeneration MCQs38
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13) SZ 138
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13) SZ 226
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SZ MCQs39
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14) Neurobiology of Decision Making 125
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14) Neurobiology of Decision Making 221
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Neurobiology of Decision Making MCQs34
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15) Anxiety36
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Anxiety MCQs16
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16) Intro to learning24
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16) Classical conditioning24
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Learning 1 MCQs21
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17) Instrumental conditioning26
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17) Numbers and Counting26
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Instrumental condiitoning MCQs15
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Numbers and Counting MCQs20
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18) Associative Learning34
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Associative learning MCQs21
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18) Time33
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Time MCQs21
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19) Classical/instrumental interactions24
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Classical/instrumental MCQs15
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19) Categorisation31
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Categorisation MCQs19
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20) Rescorla-Wagner Model 121
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21) Rescorla-Wagner Model 218
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Rescorla-Wagner MCQs22
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22) Learning and Attention 115
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23) Learning and Attention 212
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Learning and Attention MCQs15
