What is a reward?
An object or event that elicits approach and is worked for
What is Wanting?
Feeling of desire and approach behaviours
What is Liking?
The feeling of pleasure (explicit liking) and other objective responses (implicit liking) eg facial expressions
What is Instrumental conditioning with methods to identify brain substrates of reward?
A particular response followed by a reward.
-Used to measure rewarding properties of stimuli
How do intracranial electrical stimulation methods identify brain substrates in rewards?
The animal spontaneously presses a lever to stimulate brain regions.
They press certain levers more if the brain area stimulated creates rewarding feelings
How do intracranial drug administration methods identify brain substrates and rewards?
The animals can self administer the drug into certain brain regions and can help determine if a positive reins is created in the brain areas.
What has intracranial self stimulation been associated with?
Increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
What did Ikemoto & Panksepp (1999) find out about the nucleus accumbens and rewards?
The blockade of accumbal dopamine transmission blocks the behavioural effects of rewards
What happens with rewards in the Meso-corticolimbic dopamine system?
-Rewards increase the NAC dopamine
-Systemic and intra-NAC domain antagonists block responses that would have normally been maintained by reward
What happens in the Cholinergic projection from PPTg to the VTA?
-Electrical self-stimulation
-Cholinergic drugs are self administered into VTA
What happens in the Glutamate projections from mPFC to the VTA?
-Electrical self-stimulation
-Stimulate dopamine release in NAc
What can serve as an objective, direct measure of ‘liking’?
Facial expressions
eg sweet/bitter tastes
What was found when investigating the role of the nucleus accumbens dopamine in liking?
It’s not directly involved
What was actually found to have a large influence on liking responses?
Opioids as increases dopamine levels
What was found to have an overlap when studying emotions in the brain?
Aversive stimuli and appetitive stimuli (rewards) have an overlap
Why is an overlap between aversive stimuli and appetitive stimuli suggested?
Dopamine, nucleus accumbens and the amygdala play important roles in fear and reward processes
What is considered by the ‘common currency’ of emotion?
May enable the brain to generate adaptive responses based on integrated assessments of positive and negative stimuli
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1) Emotion 120
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2) Emotion 217
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Emotion MCQs24
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3) Sex differences 129
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4) Sex differences 220
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Sex Differences MCQs27
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5) Methods 1 (TMS)24
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6) Methods 2 (EEG + ERPs)40
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Methods MCQs30
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7) Structural and functional MRI32
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8) Neuropsychology with lesion studies30
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fMRI and lesion study MCQs23
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9/10) Alzheimer’s37
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Alzheimer's MCQs19
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11) Neurodegeneration 124
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12) Neurodegeneration 236
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Neurodegeneration MCQs38
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13) SZ 138
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13) SZ 226
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SZ MCQs39
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14) Neurobiology of Decision Making 125
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14) Neurobiology of Decision Making 221
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Neurobiology of Decision Making MCQs34
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15) Anxiety36
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Anxiety MCQs16
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16) Intro to learning24
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16) Classical conditioning24
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Learning 1 MCQs21
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17) Instrumental conditioning26
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17) Numbers and Counting26
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Instrumental condiitoning MCQs15
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Numbers and Counting MCQs20
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18) Associative Learning34
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Associative learning MCQs21
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18) Time33
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Time MCQs21
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19) Classical/instrumental interactions24
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Classical/instrumental MCQs15
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19) Categorisation31
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Categorisation MCQs19
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20) Rescorla-Wagner Model 121
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21) Rescorla-Wagner Model 218
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Rescorla-Wagner MCQs22
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22) Learning and Attention 115
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23) Learning and Attention 212
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Learning and Attention MCQs15
