16) Classical conditioning

Question 1

What is Unconditioned stimuli?

Answer 1

A stimuli that can automatically elicit unlearned unconditioned responses due to a pre-existing unlearned association

Question 2

Why do unconditioned stimuli elicit unconditioned responses?

Answer 2

They have motivational value

Question 3

What are unconditioned reposes considered to be?

Answer 3

Involuntary reflexes

Question 4

What occurs after classical conditioning?

Answer 4

When the conditioned stimulus is perceived, patterns of neural activity occur which activates the mental representations of the events

Question 5

How is classical conditioning reflected in the mind?

Answer 5

Their two mental representations become simultaneously activated and mentally associated

Question 6

Why is classical conditioning not considered a direct stimulus>response link?

Answer 6

If the stimulus becomes no longer rewarding, they no longer produce the conditioned response

Question 7

What is Stimulus substitution?

Answer 7

A CS can make you think of a US as you expect it to occur

Question 8

What happens with pigeons if the CS is a tone in stimulus substitution?

Answer 8

The pigeon cannot peck it but they know food is going so they become more active ag flap about

Question 9

What actually occurs in stimulus substitution?

Answer 9

Motivational properties of US transfer to CS

Question 10

What is Evaluative conditioning?

Answer 10

An UCR for nice food is liking and when paired with a key light, the liking also transfers

Question 11

What is second order conditioning?

Answer 11

Chains of classical conditioned associations
eg you like a sweet in a purple wrapper, you find that sweet in a tin which you now aim to get as you know you will enjoy the chocolate in that box

Question 12

What did Hull believe about classical conditioning?

Answer 12

All learning was S>R

Question 13

What did Thorndike believe about classical conditioning?

Answer 13

To form a S>R association, you need a reinforcer to stamp it in, but not to be learned about itself

Question 14

What is a variation of second order conditioning?

Answer 14

Sensory preconditioning

Question 15

What occurs in sensory preconditioning?

Answer 15

You pair two neutral things and then an US eg pain is associated with the neutral things

eg there is a house with a dog, but then you get bitten by the dog, now you are scared of the house because the dog is there

Question 16

What was found when measuring appetitive conditioning?

Answer 16

Once learnt the predictive relationship eg tone=food, they will begin to search early when hearing the tone as they know food is arriving

Question 17

What was found when measuring aversive stimuli?

Answer 17

If they have leant tones lead to shocks, it creates freezing behaviour and they dont press the lever

Question 18

What is extinction?

Answer 18

When you remove the US, the CR slowly dissipates

Question 19

What suggest the association is not actually removed after extinction?

Answer 19

Spontaneous recovery

Question 20

What is Spontaneous recovery?

Answer 20

When tested again after a period of time, the CR returns

-Not at same level but still returns

Question 21

What is Conditioned inhibition?

Answer 21

Certain stimuli predicts omission of expected response

Question 22

How does Conditioned inhibition link to extinction?

Answer 22

When the US is removed, the CS now predicts the omission of the expected US

Question 23

What does Conditioned inhibition actually do?

Answer 23

Provides additional inhibitory leaning that counteracts the excitatory learning

Question 24

What can motivational states be?

Answer 24

Both positive and negative