key symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
- joint pain
- relapsing remitting
- stiffness
- immobility
- poor function
- fatigue
- weight loss
- anaemia
describe a ‘bulge’ lumbar disc prolapse
- majority asymptomatic
- just nucleus squished a bit
metatarsalgia
pain in ball of foot
management mortons neuroma
- injections for small lesions
- excision of lesions including section of normal nerve
how is osteoporosis characterised
low bone mass
microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue
bone fragility
increases in fracture risk
how to manage internal tibial torsion
90% respond spontaneously
motor presentation of nerve injury
altered;
- movement
- reflex
- strength
- paralysis
- dry skin
- loss of tactile adherence
describe polymyalgia rheumatica
inflammatory disease causing widespread muscle pain and stiffness, especially around the shoulders and hips. Most people who develop PMR are in their 60s or 70s. PMR is closely linked with giant cell arteritis (GCA)
Pagets disease signs
- isolated elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase
- bone pain
- local heat
- hearing loss
child presentation acute septic arthritis
- unwell
- not willing to move joint at all
- pyrexial
- tachycardic
- acute pain @ single large joint
paraplegia investigations
- MRI spine
- CT head
- x-rays
causes of paraplegia
thoracic/ lumbar fractures
chest/ abdo injuries
causes JIA
- genetics
- FH
- autoimmune
- immunological
- environmental
surgical management of osteogenesis imperfecta
rods along long bones for support - they can grow with a child
signs of excessive knee extension
loss of normal knee flexion during stance phase
hyperextension
uveitis
inflammation of the middle layer of the eyeball, which consists of the iris, ciliary, body and choroid
treatment of uveitis
topical/ intraocular/ systemic steroids
methotrexate
cyclosporin
anti-TNF
MMF
dactylitis
diffuse painful swelling of an entire finger or toe
function hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
recycling of purine bases, hypoxanthine and guanine
describe a trendelenburg gate
unilateral lateral trunk tilt
management options for requiring hyperuricaemia
xanthine oxidase inhibitors e.g. allopurinol
warning signs non-accidental injury
- unusual locations (forearms, ribs, neck, humeral)
- old uninvestigated fractures
- incongruent history
- bruising pattern
- burns
- repeated incidences
- multiple fractures
- multiple stages of healing
