AMR

Question 1

Intrinsic resistance

Answer 1

Resistance due to inherent structural or functional characteristics

Question 2

Absence of a target is an example of …

intrinsic or acquired

Answer 2

intrinsic resistance

Question 3

Acquired resistance

Answer 3

Acquisition of the ability to resist a drug that previously affected the microbe

Question 4

HGT and mutations are examples of …

intrinsic or acquired

Answer 4

acquired

Question 5

Four main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 5

Increased drug efflux
Reduced drug uptake
Inactivation of drug
Changes in target (target modification)

Question 6

How can drug uptake be reduced?

Two alternatives

Answer 6

Changes in membrane composition
Changes in porin expression

Question 7

How can drug efflux be increased?

Answer 7

Acquisition or upregulation of efflux pumps

Question 8

How can drugs be inactivated?

Three alternatives

Answer 8

Hydrolysis via enzymes
Chemical alterations (acetylation, phosphorylation, adenylation)
Target mimicry

Question 9

How can changes in the target occur?

Five alternatives

Answer 9

Mutations
Enzymatic alteration
Target protection
Target replacement
Overproduction