AP Psy: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding storage, & retrievlek of information

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

RETRIEVEING info that is not currently in your counsious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.

EX. Fill in the blank questions test your recall

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

IDENTIFYING items previously learned.

Ex. Multiple choice questions

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

LEARNING something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.

Ex. Review the first weeks of course work to prepare for your final exam - will be easier to relearn the info then the first time that you learned it.

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

Get info into our brain
Into the memory system
Comes through senses

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

Retain the info, encoding info retained over time

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

The process of getting info out of memory storage

Question 8

Parrallel Processing

Answer 8

Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simutaeously

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.

Question 10

Short-Term Memory

Answer 10

Briefly activated memory of a few items

Ex. Digits of a phone number while calling - is later stored OR forgotten

Question 11

Long-Term Memory

Answer 11

The relatively permeant & limitless archive of the memory system

Included knowledge, skills, & experiences

Question 12

Working Memory

Answer 12

A newer understanding of STM; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory info & info retrieved from LTM

Question 13

Central Executive

Answer 13

A memory component that coordinated the activities of the phonological loop & the visual spatial loop

Question 14

Phonological Loop

Answer 14

A memory component that briefly holds AUDITORY info

Ex. Repeat friends phone number before adding into contact list (ST)

Question 15

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 15

A memory component that briefly holds info about objects APPERENCE & LOCATION in space

Ex. Where you parked your car, or the route from school to home

Question 16

Neruogenesis

Answer 16

The formation of new neurons

Question 17

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 17

An increase in a nerve cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning & memory/

Ex. Drugs that block LTP interfere with learning & drugs that mimic what happens during learning increase LTP

Question 18

Automatic Processing

Answer 18

Unconscious encoding of incidental info, like space, time, & frequency, & familiar of well-learned info, like sounds, smells, & word mean.

Question 18

Explicit Memory

Answer 18

Retention of FACTS & EXPERIENCES that we can CONSCIOUSLY know & “declare”

Question 18

Effortful Processing

Answer 18

Encoding that requires attention & consious effort.

Question 19

Implicit Memory

Answer 19

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

• The unconious recall
• nondeclarative memory since you are not able to consciously bring it into awareness.
• Ex. Knowing how to use utensils, dress yourself each day, navigating a familiar area, such as your house or neighborhood, recalling how to boil water to fix dinner, or how to drive a car

Question 20

Sensory Memory

Answer 20

Feed our active working Memory, recording momentary images, sounds, & strong scents.

Question 21

Iconic Memory

Answer 21

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Question 22

Echoic Memory

Answer 22

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds & words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Ex. Teacher asking something but you weren’t listening so you can only recall the last few seconds of what they said.

Question 23

STM Capacity

Answer 23

7 bits of info Younger people have better working memory

Question 24

Chunking (Effortful Processing Strategies)

Answer 24

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. - Organized into meaningful units (letters, words, & phrases) helps us recall it more easily

Question 25

Mnemonics (Effortful Processing Strategies)

Answer 25

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery & organizational devices.

Question 26

Hierarchies (Effortful Processing Strategies)

Answer 26

Broad categories divided & subdivides into narrower concepts & facts - Help us retrieve info efficiently

Question 27

Distributed Practice

Answer 27

Retain info better when encoding is distributed over time.

Question 28

Spacing effect (Distributed Practice)

Answer 28

The tendency for distributed sturdy of practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 29

Testing effect (Distributed Practice)

Answer 29

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply relearning info.

Question 30

Shallow Processing (Levels of Processing)

Answer 30

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words - Word letters (Structural encoding) elementary level - Word sounds (Phonemic encoding) intermediate level - Physical characteristics

Question 31

Deep Processing (Levels of Processing)

Answer 31

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. - More meaningful

Question 32

Semantic Memory (Explicit Memory)

Answer 32

Facts & general knowledge - Connect concepts, group by characteristics

Question 33

Episodic Memory

Answer 33

Personally experienced events

Question 34

Brain regions that process & store new explicit memories

Answer 34

Frontal lobes & hippocampus -Left FL: recalling password & holding it in working memory - Right FL: Calling up a visual party scene

Question 35

Hippocampus

Answer 35

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories -facts & events- for storage temporally lobe, "save" button Damage: disrupts formation & recall of explicit memories - Left: verbal damage, not visual or location - Right: visual or location damage, not verbal

Question 36

Memory consolidation

Answer 36

The neural storage of long-term memory - Sleep!! - During deep sleep: hippocampus processes memories for later retrieval

Question 37

Cerebellum (Implicit Memory System)

Answer 37

Key role in forming & storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning - Damage: can't develop certain conditioned reflexes - Implicit memories NEEDS the cerebellum: coordination, balance, movement

Question 38

Basal Ganglia

Answer 38

Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills. - Receive input from cortex, don't return favor by sending info back to cortex for conscious awareness for procedural learning

Question 39

Priming

Answer 39

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular association in memory

Question 40

Retrieval Cues

Answer 40

Stimuli or prompts that help individuals recall or retrieve information from their memory.

Question 41

Context-Dependent Memory

Answer 41

Where information is better recalled when the retrieval environment matches the original learning environment - Visiting your childhood home so you have flashbacks

Question 42

Encoding Specificity Principles

Answer 42

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

Question 43

State-Dependent Memory

Answer 43

Where individuals recall information better when they are in the same physiological or psychological state as when they originally learned the information. - Hide money when your drunk, you might not remember where it is till you're drunk again

Question 44

Mood-Congruent Memory

Answer 44

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

Question 45

Serial Position Effect

Answer 45

Our tendency to recall BEST the LAST items in a list initially (a recency affect), & the first items in a list after a delay (a primacy effect). - The process you remember things

Question 46

Metacognition

Answer 46

The ability to think about one's own thoughts and cognitive processes.

Question 47

Testing-Effect

Answer 47

Actively retrieving information from memory improves its retention and recall.

Question 48

Interleaving

Answer 48

A retrieval practice strategy that involves mixing the study of different topics.

Question 49

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 49

An inability to FORM NEW memories

Question 50

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 50

An inability to REMEMBER INFO from one's PAST

Question 51

Storage Decay

Answer 51

A cognitive psychology concept that describes the gradual weakening and loss of memories over time.

Question 52

Retrieval Failure

Answer 52

The inability to access or recall information that is stored in long-term memory. - Tip-of-the-tounge

Question 53

Proactive Interfrenece

Answer 53

The forward-acting disruptive effect of OLD learning/info on the recall of NEW info

Question 54

Retroactive Interfrenece

Answer 54

The backward-acting disruptive effect of NEW learning/info on the recall of the OLD info

Question 55

Motivated Forgetting

Answer 55

Where individuals intentionally or unconsciously suppress memories that are distressing or threatening.

Question 56

Repression

Answer 56

A defense mechanism in which an individual unconsciously blocks out distressing thoughts, memories, or impulses from their awareness.

Question 57

Reconsolidation

Answer 57

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

Question 58

Misinformation Effect

Answer 58

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information. - Can influence later attitudes & behaviors - Car crash interview

Question 59

Source Amnesia

Answer 59

Faulty memory for how, when, or where info was learned or imagined. - At the heart of many false memories

Question 60

Deja Vu

Answer 60

The feeling of having experienced a current situation before, even though it is objectively new.